The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 130 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep disturbance impairs adaptive immunity and increases inflammation through HPA-axis and sympathetic pathways, linking sleep to infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. It synthesizes evidence that behavioral sleep treatments may reduce inflammatory markers, though mediation by inflammation remains unproven.
Key findings
- Insomnia complaints occur in nearly 25% of the US population, nearly 10% meet diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia, and insomnia persists for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients.
- Experimental sleep loss reduces T-cell IL-2 production, shifts Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, reduces monocyte IL-12, and increases IL-10; partial sleep loss reduced influenza A vaccine response by over 50%, and shorter sleep duration (<6 h) was linked to decreased hepatitis B vaccine protection in 125 midlife adults.
- Sleep loss and short sleep increase inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 via NF-κB and TLR-4 signaling; insomnia with short sleep duration (≤5 h) was associated with a fivefold greater risk of hypertension and a fourfold increased risk of incident hypertension, while persistent insomnia conferred a 14-fold greater risk of depression in the following year.
- Behavioral treatments may reduce inflammation: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was associated with 50% lower CRP one year after treatment among those with insomnia remission, and tai chi improved insomnia complaints, augmented herpes zoster vaccine responses, and reduced IL-6.
Methods
- Narrative review of psychoneuroimmunology literature; no primary data collection. It synthesizes human and animal experimental sleep deprivation, naturalistic sleep disturbance, epidemiologic cohorts, vaccine response studies, and behavioral intervention trials.
- Main analysis is a conceptual integration of sleep effects on adaptive and innate immunity, HPA-axis and sympathetic nervous system pathways, inflammatory signaling, and disease outcomes; no formal systematic search or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- Stated: no prospective study has systematically evaluated whether elevated inflammation mediates associations between sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease or cancer, and the prospective role of sleep disturbance in driving inflammation that mediates depression is not known.
- Stated: epidemiologic findings on insomnia and CRP are mixed; no systematic studies have evaluated sedative hypnotics on markers of inflammation, and no randomized controlled trials have assessed whether inflammation is altered with pharmacotherapy of insomnia.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis; heterogeneity in sleep measures, populations, and study designs limits causal inference.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“the nocturnal increase of natural killer (NK) cell activity, a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, is dependent in part on sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronfol et al. 1997
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep has a critical role in promoting health.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“activation of the HPA axis releases cortisol that suppresses proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses by three mechanisms”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compelling evidence that disturbances of sleep including insomnia complaints and extremes of sleep duration adversely influence risk of infectious and inflammatory disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dew et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kripke et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mallon et al. 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep plays an important role in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune responses”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence indicates that sleep disturbance induces a downregulation of adaptive immunity, as indexed by an impaired response to infectious challenge”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine drop”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Besedovsky et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep also enhances the production of IL-12 by precursor dendritic cells as well as by monocytes”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“total night sleep deprivation diminishes the increase in IL-6 by about half”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence shows that behavioral treatments have robust efficacy, with remission of insomnia sustained in the long term”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Morin et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH and prolactin are well known to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as to promote type 1 cytokine activity”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain aspects of immunity are mainly influenced by circadian processes, whereas other immune measures are primarily steered by sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the aftermath of sleep disruption, such adrenergic signaling is thought to steer inflammatory gene expression and lead to increases in daytime levels of markers of innate immunity and inflammation”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest the possibility that short sleep duration might increase infectious disease risk by increasing susceptibility to viral pathogens or expression of symptoms, or both”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
hedgedconditionaln = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the effects of sleep loss were persistent for up to one year, with a reduced frequency of antigen-specific Th cells as well reduced levels of antigen Ag-specific immunoglobulin G1”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2, and this effect is independent of the total number of circulating T cells”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep, as described above, serves to prime the immune system to infectious challenge and to induce nocturnal activation of inflammatory signaling.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental studies in which healthy adults are inoculated with a rhinovirus that produces symptoms of the common cold, poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold and greater symptom reporting”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Infectious Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, in a vulnerable population of individuals who report chronic sleep disturbance, a single night of sleep loss triggers an activation of inflammation with increases in IL-6 and TNF, which is not found in those who have no underlying sleep problems (Irwin et al. 2004).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Experimental Sleep Loss, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2009) found that each additional hour of sleep duration resulted in an increase in CRP and an increase in IL-6, whereas a shorter sleep duration was associated with an increase in TNF.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with recent findings indicating that sleep disturbance has a critical role in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension incidence (Gangwisch et al. 2010) as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014)”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gangwisch et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suarez (2008) found that overall poor sleep quality was associated with increases inflammatory biomarkers, but only for women”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suarez 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During NREM or SWS, sympathetic activity is decreased; during REM sleep, SNS outflow is higher, similar to daytime levels (Somers et al. 1993).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sympathetic Mechanisms Linking Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somers et al. 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Immunologic response to vaccination is a valid proxy for infectious disease risk.
“Research on the effects of sleep loss on vaccine responses provides a translational perspective on the sleep-related changes in adaptive immunity by identifying clinically relevant endpoints related to infectious disease risk including immunologic response to vaccination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from experimental sleep deprivation in healthy adults generalize to naturalistic sleep disturbance and clinical populations.
“In humans, partial sleep deprivation mimics the ubiquitous sleep disturbance found in persons exposed to social adversity or who are aged and most vulnerable to infectious diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep of adequate duration and quality is important for good human physical and mental health.97–100”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Hence, the findings of increased TNF production in the morning after sleep deprivation by Irwin et al. (256) may reflect a rebound effect of sleep, as participants were allowed to sleep in the second night half before blood was collected in the morning.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular IL-6 production was not altered acutely during sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness (147), but was increased in the morning after one night of partial sleep loss in healthy humans (89, 256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Following sleep deprivation in the first night half, TNF production in monocytes and TNF mRNA were shown to be increased in the morning (256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
“levels of IL-2 are similar during a night of uninterrupted sleep or partial sleep loss”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP: ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND INSOMNIA > Sleep Characteristics
“sleep efficiency or the ratio of wake time to time in bed”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SUMMARY POINTS
“Sleep deprivation and naturalistic disturbance of sleep (i.e., short sleep duration or reduced sleep efficiency) impair adaptive immunity”
Citations
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“Partial-night sleep deprivation induces an increase in TLR-4-stimulated production of IL-6 and TNF, which is especially prominent in women who show sustained elevations ADRB2 TLR4 Circulation SNS nerve fibers Cardiovascular disease Major depressive disorder Cancer NF-κB Expression of proinflammatory immune response ge…”
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“One example is the Insomnia Severity Index, which assesses sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life, with a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insomnia cases (Morin et al. 2011).”
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Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743 · cited 1×
“…about 25% of the population of the United States report insomnia complaints (LeBlanc et al. 2009), and nearly 10% fulfill diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (Morin et al. 2006b; Ohayon 1996, 2002), which is persistent for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients (Morin et al. 2009).”
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“Transcription factor binding motifs that were overrepresented in the sleep-deprivation condition included the promoters of genes involved in regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-induced transcription factors of the cAMP response element–binding protein/activating transcription facto…”
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“…the role of insomnia in the onset of depression (for a review, see Riemann 2010), with meta-analytic findings showing that sleep disturbance yields a twofold increased risk of depression (Baglioni et al. 2011) or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman & Eaton 1991).”
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“The purpose of the present review is to provide an integrated understanding of how sleep health (Buysse 2014) affects one salient biological mechanism, the immune system, with implications for infectious and inflammatory disease risk.”
Background
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Cited by
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Alqaderi, H. E., Goodson, J. M., & Agaku, I. T. (2019) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.19-0105 · Cited by 41
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“Notably, sleep loss is associated with risks for a wide variety of diseases, such as cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and deficits in attention and sensorial perception [4, 5].”
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“Short sleep and sleep disturbance may impa ct on adaptive and innate immunity including antiviral immune responses with consequen ces for infectious disease and proinflammatory immune responses with implications for ca diovascular disease and cancer [60].”
BackgroundFirefighter Health: A Narrative Review of Occupational Threats and Countermeasures
Gonzalez, D. E., Lanham, S. N., Martin, S. E., Cleveland, R. E., Wilson, T. E., Langford, E. L., & Abel, M. G. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12040440 · Cited by 46
“Insufficient amounts of acute and chronic sleep is known to have deleterious effects on an individual’s health [97] and well-being.”
BackgroundTian, L., Ding, P., Kuang, X., Ai, W., & Shi, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20524-7 · Cited by 44
“Persistent insufficient sleep can activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response pathway, which can release cortisol and can lead to adverse immunological and metabolic changes [43].”
BackgroundTrastornos del sueño a consecuencia de la pandemia por COVID-19
Medina, Ó., Araque-Castellanos, F., Ruiz-Domínguez, L.-C., Riaño-Garzón, M., & Bermúdez, V. (2020) · Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.6360 · Cited by 38
“Ellos pueden presentar una corta duración de sueño debido a factores como hospitalización en zonas de aislamiento sin la compañía de familiares, miedo, ansiedad, desesperanza, depresión y el malestar causado por la propia enfermedad (20), lo que afectaría su capacidad de respuesta inmunológica permitiendo la activació…”
Backgroundde Almondes, K. M., Agudelo, H. A. M., & Jiménez‐Correa, U. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.564227 · Cited by 40
“This stimulates inflammatory gene expression through NF-κB transcription factors and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) -6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Wilder-Smith et al., 2013; Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep Immune Cross Talk and Insomnia
Akkaoui, M. A., Palagini, L., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_12 · Cited by 42
Effects of stress on sleep quality: multiple mediating effects of rumination and social anxiety
Zhang, J., Li, X., Tang, Z., Xiang, S., Tang, Y., Hu, W., Tan, C., & Wang, X. (2024) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-024-00294-2 · Cited by 63
“Poor sleep habits and low sleep quality can further lead to a range of physical health problems, such as cardio-vascular diseases, impaired immune function, depression, and anxiety (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Sleep Disruption on Cardiometabolic Health
Hong, S., Lee, D.-B., Yoon, D. W., Yoo, S.-L., & Kim, J. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15010060 · Cited by 51
Linking childhood abuse and hypertension: sleep disturbance and inflammation as mediators
Petrov, M. E. R., Davis, M. C., Belyea, M. J., & Zautra, A. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9742-x · Cited by 35
“However, inflammation has not been evaluated as a mediator between sleep disturbance and hypertension (Irwin, 2015).”
Innovations in Geroscience to enhance mobility in older adults
Anton, S. D., Cruz‐Almeida, Y., Singh, A., Alpert, J. M., Bensadon, B. A., Cabrera, M., Clark, D. J., Ebner, N. C., Esser, K. A., Fillingim, R. B., et al. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111123 · Cited by 40
Lueke, N. A., & Assar, A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2068350 · Cited by 51
“Although prior work has demonstrated reduced immune function to be related to poor sleep quality, 31 as well as enhanced stress and depression, 32–34 to our knowledge, no previous work has examined perceived stress and depression as mediators in the link between poor sleep quality and reduced…”
BackgroundIrwin, M. R., Hoang, D., Olmstead, R. E., Sadeghi, N., Breen, E. C., Bower, J. E., & Cole, S. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.022 · Cited by 39
Self-citationPerioperative Pharmacological Sleep‐Promotion and Pain Control: A Systematic Review
Bjurström, M. F., & Irwin, M. R. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12776 · Cited by 36
“sleep deprivation and disordered sleep are associated with elevated markers of systemic inflammation.(70,71)”
BackgroundSelf-citationVoiß, P., Höxtermann, M. D., Dobos, G. J., & Cramer, H. (2019) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32469 · Cited by 35
“Sleep influences the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.(9) In cancer survivors, persistent sleep difficulties lead to daytime impairments with a reduction in quality”
BackgroundHery, C. M. B., Hale, L. E., & Naughton, M. J. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.09.005 · Cited by 35
Sleep Loss Causes Dysfunction in Murine Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands
Huang, S., Si, H., Liu, J., Qi, D., Pei, X., Lu, D., Zou, S., & Li, Z. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.6.19 · Cited by 37
“For the rhythmic genes unique to the SD group, the enriched circadian pathways can be divided into six categories as well: (1) cellular processes: lysosome (non-SD group vs.”
BackgroundMethodResultInternational Journal of Current Science Research and Review
Syanya, F. J., & Mathia, W. M. (2020) · International Journal of Current Science Research and Review · doi:10.47191/ijcsrr · Cited by 35
Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhu, S., Sun, J., Deng, Y., Wang, Q., & Zhai, Q. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115085 · Cited by 32
Relationship between sleep and serum inflammatory factors in patients with major depressive disorder
Yang, Y., Gu, K., Meng, C., Li, J., Qiao, L., Zhou, X., Yan, D., Li, D., Pei, C., Lu, Y., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115528 · Cited by 36
Sleep and Resistant Hypertension
Carnethon, M. R., & Johnson, D. A. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0941-z · Cited by 38
Havekes, R., Heckman, P. R. A., Wams, E. J., Stasiukonytė, N., Meerlo, P., & Eisel, U. L. M. (2019) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109420 · Cited by 35
Integrative Approaches for Sleep Health in Cancer Survivors
Garland, S. N., Mahon, K. N., & Irwin, M. R. (2019) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000398 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSleep in the Intensive Care Unit: Strategies for Improvement
Dorsch, J. J., Martin, J. L., Malhotra, A., Owens, R. L., & Kamdar, B. B. (2019) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1698378 · Cited by 42
Late bedtime and dental caries incidence in Kuwaiti children: A longitudinal multilevel analysis
Alqaderi, H. E., Tavares, M. A., Al‐Mulla, F., Al‐Ozairi, E., & Goodson, J. M. (2020) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12523 · Cited by 34
Li, Y., Xie, Z., Luo, X., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Guo, M., Zhou, Z., Sun, R., Hua, D., Luo, A., et al. (2023) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200735 · Cited by 33
Air Travel, Circadian Rhythms/Hormones, and Autoimmunity
Torres-Ruiz, J. J., Sulli, A., Cutolo, M., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2017) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-017-8599-2 · Cited by 33
Davis, M. C., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., Yeung, E. W., Luecken, L. J., Zautra, A., & Irwin, M. R. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay014 · Cited by 32
Self-citationIbala, R., Mekonnen, J., Gitlin, J., Hahm, E. Y., Ethridge, B. R., Colon, K. M., Marota, S., Ortega, C., Pedemonte, J. C., Cobanaj, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13322 · Cited by 33
“In humans, experimental manipulation of sleep, including totalnight sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction or partial- night sleep deprivation, induces activation of inflammatory markers (Irwin, 2015; Irwin & Opp, 2017).”
BackgroundGender differences in the relationships between psychosocial factors and hypertension
Pilla, M. D., Bruno, R. M., Taddei, S., & Virdis, A. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.003 · Cited by 35
Nocturnal sleep uniformly reduces numbers of different T-cell subsets in the blood of healthy men
Besedovsky, L., Dimitrov, S., Born, J., & Lange, T. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00149.2016 · Cited by 32
“An increased homing to lymphoid tissues could, indeed, be one mechanism mediating the wellknown beneficial effect of sleep on vaccination responses (7, 24, 26, 52).”
BackgroundHow Do You Sleep? The Impact of Sleep Apps on Generation Z's Well-Being
Attié, E. A., & Meyer‐Waarden, L. (2023) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1177/10949968221142806 · Cited by 32
“The short-term effects of sleep disturbance are associated with decreased performance and productivity, fatigue, and daytime sleepiness, and longer-term effects may include more detrimental consequences, such as premature mortality and risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders (e.g.…”
BackgroundIndividual sleep need is flexible and dynamically related to cognitive function
Fjell, A. M., & Walhovd, K. B. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01827-6 · Cited by 40
“Similarly, evidence links very short (less than five to six hours) and long (more than nine hours) sleep to deficient immune function and cardiovascular disease 48 , but to which degree associations reflect causal mechanisms are unclear.”
Inflammation and the microbiome: implications for depressive disorders
Hayley, S. P., Audet, M., & Anisman, H. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.001 · Cited by 32
“Yet, it was also recognized that numerous factors, such as sleep problems, associated with depression, might be responsible for the cytokine changes [16].”
BackgroundStress and sleep remain significant predictors of health after controlling for negative affect
Benham, G., & Charak, R. (2019) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2840 · Cited by 31
Ghilotti, F., Bellocco, R., Lagerros, Y. T., Thorson, A. E., Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Åkerstedt, T., & Lindberg, E. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13093 · Cited by 34
“…sleep and cardiovascular outcomes is mediated by systemic inflammation: disturbed sleep might alter levels of cytokines known to have a fundamental role in inflammatory regulation, which in turn has an impact on cardiovascular risk (Grandner, Sands-Lincoln, Pak, & Garland, 2013; Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundChallenges in researching the immune pathways between early life adversity and psychopathology
Reid, B. M., & Danese, A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001157 · Cited by 37
“There are reciprocal links between sleep and inflammation, and we direct the reader to a thorough review by Irwin (2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmidi, A., & Wu, L. M. (2019) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2018.1563716 · Cited by 32
Chan, S. H.-W., Lui, D., Chan, H., Sum, K., Cheung, A., Yip, H., & Yu, C. H. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.636 · Cited by 31
Bouloukaki, I., Tsiligianni, I., Stathakis, G., Fanaridis, M., Koloi, A., Bakiri, E., Moudatsaki, M., Pouladaki, E., & Schiza, S. E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11172389 · Cited by 32
“Adequate sleep duration has a critical role in promoting optimal physical health, immune function, mental health, and cognition [1].”
BackgroundBEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES, INCLUDING EXERCISE, FOR ADDRESSING INSOMNIA
Markwald, R. R., Iftikhar, I., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2018) · ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000375 · Cited by 31
“Unaddressed insomnia is associated with daytime fatigue and sleepiness, cognitive impairment (5), poor mood (6), as well as physiological health issues such as injuries (7) illness involving pain (8), and cardiometabolic disease (9–15).”
BackgroundSleep during naturally occurring respiratory infections: A pilot study
Lasselin, J., Ingre, M., Regenbogen, C., Olsson, M., Garke, M., Brytting, M., Edgar, R. S., Lekander, M., & Axelsson, J. (2019) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.006 · Cited by 28
“Insufficient sleep alters immune functions (Irwin, 2015), and proper sleep is an important factor supporting a strong and efficient first line of defense against infections (Cohen et al., 2009; Prather and Leung, 2016).”
BackgroundKhalyfa, A., Castro‐Grattoni, A. L., & Gozal, D. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1753466619895229 · Cited by 30
Sleep Quality and Sleep Behaviors in Varsity Athletes: A Pilot Study
Rebello, L. J., Roberts, A. W., Fenuta, A. M., Coté, A. T., & Bodner, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.906663 · Cited by 32
“Sleep disturbances also impair adaptive immunity leading to increased susceptibility to diseases and may be linked to negative psychological consequences in young athletes (Fullagar et al., 2015; Irwin, 2015; Fox et al., 2020; Grandner et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTamm, S., Červenka, S., Forsberg, A., Estelius, J., Grünewald, J., Gyllfors, P., Karshikoff, B., Kosek, E., Lampa, J., Lensmar, C., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.013 · Cited by 32
“Beyond the direct effects of for example a swollen nose in rhinoconjunctivitis, both fatigue and sleep are interrelated with systemic as well as local inflammatory processes (Hsu et al., 2003; Irwin, 2015; Karshikoff et al., 2017; Wisor et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2012).”
Coles, T., Tan, X. M., Bennett, A. V., Sanoff, H. K., Basch, E., Jensen, R. E., & Reeve, B. B. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4595 · Cited by 31
“Although lab‐based sleep measures are considered the gold standard, they may not adequately characterize sleep disturbances at home or sleep disturbances over time.(7) PROMIS Sleep Disturbance underwent rigorous development and psychometric evaluation.”
BackgroundEEG-based headset sleep wearable devices
Markov, K., Elgendi, M., & Menon, C. (2024) · npj Biosensing · doi:10.1038/s44328-024-00013-y · Cited by 36
Sleep and Fatigue Issues in Military Operations
Shattuck, N. L., Matsangas, P., & Sjörs, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_7 · Cited by 34
Sleep duration and risk of cancer in the Mexican American Mano-a-Mano Cohort
Shen, J., Chrisman, M., Wu, X., Chow, W., & Zhao, H. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.09.004 · Cited by 31
A wake-active locomotion circuit depolarizes a sleep-active neuron to switch on sleep
Maluck, E., Busack, I., Besseling, J., Masurat, F., Turek, M., Busch, K. E., & Bringmann, H. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000361 · Cited by 30
“Sleep loss is associated with an increased risk of infection [1], cardiovascular disease [1], psychiatric disease (including depression [2,3]), obesity [4,5], type 2 diabetes [4,5], and cancer [1].”
BackgroundUrgent wake up call for the National Basketball Association
Singh, M., Bird, S. P., Charest, J., Huyghe, T., & Calleja-González, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8938 · Cited by 33
“28 Notably, sleep deprivation increases proin fl ammatory cytokines, which impair immune system function.”
Soft Wireless Bioelectronics and Differential Electrodermal Activity for Home Sleep Monitoring
Kim, H., Kwon, S., Kwon, Y., & Yeo, W. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21020354 · Cited by 32
“Continual sleep deficiency could reduce the immune system and escalate susceptibility to chronic infectious and neuropsychiatric diseases [7,8].”
BackgroundBertrand, L., Schroder, C. M., Bourgin, P., Maruani, J., Atoui, Y., d’Ortho, M., Lejoyeux, M., & Geoffroy, P. A. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13480 · Cited by 30
“…of their alterations are crucial to consider in this context, particularly as a reduction in sleep time can have a deleterious impact on vulnerability to infections (Irwin, 2015) and on the occurrence of psychiatric and addictive disorders (Geoffroy, Tebeka, Blanco, Dubertret, & Le Strat, 2020).”
BackgroundEngert, L. C., Mullington, J. M., & Haack, M. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.018 · Cited by 30
Irwin, M. R., Archer, G., Olmstead, R. E., Brown, T. T., Teplin, L. A., Patel, S. R., Abraham, A. G., & Breen, E. C. (2018) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.028 · Cited by 30
“Moreover, sleep disturbance induces activation of inflammatory signaling independent of other factors that can drive inflammation, such as non-white ethnicity, smoking, and obesity [13].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationYamada, K., Kubota, Y., Shimizu, Y., Cui, R., Mori, Y., Okuno, Y., Asada, H., Yamanishi, K., Iso, H., & the SHEZ Study Group (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12766 · Cited by 29
“been suggested to cause depressed immune system function.(18) A population-based study among 131,001 participants showed that participants with sleep disorder exhibited a higher incidence of HZ compared”
BackgroundZnazen, H., Slimani, M., Bragazzi, N. L., & Tod, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18063194 · Cited by 34
“It should also be noted that a reduction in sleep time was associated with a change in the circadian rhythm, a high level of stress, or both, which in turn can (a) make participants more vulnerable and prone to viral infections [31], (b) increase the risk of psychological disorders [32], (c) have a negative impact on…”
BackgroundSleep quality and depressive symptoms after prostate cancer: The mechanistic role of cortisol.
Hoyt, M. A., Bower, J. E., Irwin, M. R., Weierich, M. R., & Stanton, A. L. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000107 · Cited by 30
“For instance, inflammatory processes which are sensitive to sleep (Irwin, 2015) might be further contributing to depression risk.”
Self-citationFactors Associated with Poor Sleep in Older Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Garland, S. N., Scurrey, S. R. M., & Ploughman, M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9653-4 · Cited by 29
“Individuals who are not obtaining a sufficient amount and/or quality of sleep is associated with many physical and psychological health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and depression [11, 12, 18, 19, 21].”
Effects of Sleep Health on Cognitive Function in HIV+ and HIV– Adults
Mahmood, Z., Hammond, A., Núñez, R. A., Irwin, M. R., & Thames, A. D. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617718000607 · Cited by 28
“, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factoralpha) (Breen et al., 1990; Heffner et al., 2012; Irwin, 2015; Seay et al., 2013; Wirth et al., 2015), a possible mechanism underlying the additive effect of poor SH and HIV could be explained through increases in inflammatory responses which ultimately disrupt neural systems,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNarcolepsy Diagnosis With Sleep Stage Features Using PSG Recordings
Wang, J., Zhao, S., Zhou, Y., Jiang, H., Yu, Z., Li, T., Li, S., & Pan, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3312396 · Cited by 30
Li, J., Atasoy, S., Fang, X., Angerer, P., & Ladwig, K. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319839183 · Cited by 31
“Similarly, impaired sleep stimulates the biological systems mentioned above via the central nervous system, dysregulating neuroendocrine, autonomic and immune responses.(26) As well, stress-induced myocardial ischaemia has been proposed as an alternative explanation.”
BackgroundLiu, J., Zhao, Y., Lai, B., Wang, H., & Tsui, K. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/18370 · Cited by 28
“Sleep plays a vital role in maintaining health [1,2].”
BackgroundActive smoking, sleep quality and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neuroinflammation
Liu, Y., Li, H., Li, G., Kang, Y., Shi, J., Kong, T., Yang, X., Xu, J., Li, C., Su, K., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.021 · Cited by 29
Shih, A.-C., Chen, L.-H., Tsai, C.-C., & Chen, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249457 · Cited by 29
“In addition, sleep disturbance influenced inflammatory regulation and sleep loss, short sleep duration, and complaints of sleep disturbance were associated with increases in inflammation [36].”
BackgroundBulaj, G. W., Clark, J. E., Ebrahimi, M., & Bald, E. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.612602 · Cited by 31
“For example, sleep has been linked to susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and responses to vaccinations (Irwin, 2015; Irwin, 2019).”
BackgroundThe Human Sleep Paradox: The Unexpected Sleeping Habits of Homo sapiens
Samson, D. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075523 · Cited by 29
Food consumption according to the level of processing and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic
de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A., Andrade, A. C. D. S., Coletro, H. N., Mendonça, R. D. D., de Menezes, M. C., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & Meireles, A. L. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.023 · Cited by 29
“Sleep is vital to the maintenance of physiological parameters and plays an important role in hormone release, cardiovascular activity, and glucose regulation [1].”
COVID-19 and Sleep Disturbances: A Literature Review of Clinical Evidence
Shaik, L., Boike, S., Ramar, K., Subramanian, S., & Surani, S. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050818 · Cited by 26
Wei, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhou, Y., Yu, X., & Luo, Y. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3332503 · Cited by 31
“S LEEP is essential for human beings [1].”
BackgroundPeripheral Blood Inflammatory Cytokines in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Kim, R., Jun, J., Kim, H., Jung, K., Shin, Y., Yang, T., Kim, K. T., Kim, T., Byun, J., Sunwoo, J., et al. (2019) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.27841 · Cited by 27
“It is known that sleep disturbance promotes systemic inflammation.(27) Sleep loss may have an important role in systemic inflammatory processes in individuals who complain of sleep disturbance.”
BackgroundSantoft, F., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Salomonsson, S., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Kecklund, G., Lekander, M., & Andréasson, A. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100045 · Cited by 31
“…of inflammatory markers have been found in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Gray and Bloch, 2012), generalized anxiety disorder (Vieira et al., 2010), post-traumatic stress disorder (Renna et al., 2018), sleep disturbance (Irwin, 2015), and burnout (Grossi et al., 2003) relative to healthy controls.”
BackgroundWang, J., Wu, X., Liang, W., Chen, M., Zhao, C., & Wang, X. (2020) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s270045 · Cited by 28
“SWS plays an important role in adaptive immune memory.26 Reduction in SWS may activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptors in leukocytes, leading to a significant inhibition of antiviral gene programs [eg, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) transcriptio…”
BackgroundInfluentialDispositional optimism and sleep quality: a test of mediating pathways
Uchino, B. N., Cribbet, M. R., de Grey, R. G. K., Cronan, S. B., Trettevik, R., & Smith, T. W. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9792-0 · Cited by 27
“These data are important as sleep has emerged as an important restorative process that is related to health outcomes (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2004; Irwin, 2014; Robles & Carroll, 2011).”
InfluentialPrather, A. A., Janicki‐Deverts, D., Adler, N. E., Hall, M. H., & Cohen, S. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9835-3 · Cited by 28
“While the mechanisms that underlie these associations remain unclear, there is growing appreciation for the influence sleep has on modulating the immune system [7], including immune processes essential to protecting individuals from development of upper respiratory infections.”
BackgroundThe paradox of happiness: Why are we not doing what we know makes us happy?
Schiffer, L. P., & Roberts, T. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1279209 · Cited by 31
“Even though sleep and rest loaded on the Passive factor, growing research indicates the health and happiness effects of good-quality sleep (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundUm, M. Y., Kim, S., Jin, Y., Yoon, M., Yang, H., Lee, J., Jung, J., Urade, Y., Huang, Z., Kwon, S., et al. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700316 · Cited by 26
Poole, L., & Jackowska, M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001290 · Cited by 27
“Both disturbed and curtailed sleep have indeed been shown to increase low-grade inflammation directly (Irwin, 2015) and depression is known to be associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (Howren et al.”
BackgroundFekih‐Romdhane, F., Helmy, M. S., Alhuwailah, A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Naser, A. Y., Maalej, E., Obeïd, S., Cheour, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18996-8 · Cited by 31
“Moreover, trauma-induced sleep problems appear to play a role in the induction of emotional and behavioral problems [14] and the aggravation of post-disaster difficulties [15].”
BackgroundBallesio, A., Fiori, V., & Lombardo, C. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70099 · Cited by 39
“Pathophysiological pathways linking sleep deprivation to morbidity may include proinflammatory immune responses (Motivala 2011; Irwin 2015; Ballesio 2023a, 2023b).”
Quality of Sleep Among Intensive Care Unit Patients
Younis, M. B., & Hayajneh, F. A. (2018) · Critical Care Nursing Quarterly · doi:10.1097/cnq.0000000000000196 · Cited by 28
Boeselt, T., Koczulla, A. R., Nell, C., Beutel, B., Guenter, K., Cassel, W., Hildebrandt, O., Koehler, U., & Kroenig, J. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101434 · Cited by 25
Sleep Characteristics and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women
Liang, X., Harris, H. R., HENDRYX, M. S., Shadyab, A. H., Hale, L. E., Li, Y., Crane, T. E., Feliciano, E. M. C., Stefanick, M. L., & Luo, J. (2020) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0174 · Cited by 25
“Sleep plays an important role in promoting health (2).”
BackgroundSleep improvement intervention and its effect on patients’ sleep on the ward
Ritmala‐Castrén, M., Salanterä, S., Holm, A., Heino, M., Lundgrén‐Laine, H., & Koivunen, M. H. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15906 · Cited by 42
Cárdenas, S. I., Corbisiero, M. F., Morris, A. R., & Saxbe, D. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02139-3 · Cited by 31
“Given the importance of sleep to both mental and physical health (Irwin, 2015), fathers’ enhanced sleep may promote health over time.”
BackgroundValidity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale
Uygur, Ö. F., Uygur, H., Chung, S., Ahmed, O., Demiröz, D., Aydın, E. F., & Hurşıtoğlu, O. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.06.022 · Cited by 27
Toward Sensor-Based Sleep Monitoring with Electrodermal Activity Measures
Romine, W. L., Banerjee, T., & Goodman, G. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19061417 · Cited by 27
“In the long term, continual sleep deprivation can lead to an impaired immune system and increased susceptibility to both chronic and infectious disease [3].”
BackgroundSueño: conceptos generales y su relación con la calidad de vida
Fabres, L., & Moya, P. (2021) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/j.rmclc.2021.09.001 · Cited by 69
Philipsen, M. T., Knudsen, U. B., Zachariae, R. H., Ingerslev, H. J., Hvidt, J. E. M., & Frederiksen, Y. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.011 · Cited by 28
Paul, E., & Fancourt, D. E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14123-7 · Cited by 36
“Lack of sleep can compromise both innate and adaptive immune function, making individuals more susceptible to infectious disease, and reduce the effectiveness of vaccine response [14, 15].”
BackgroundAlshammari, T. K., Rogowska, A. M., Basharahil, R. F., Alomar, S. F., Alseraye, S., Aljuffali, L. A., Al-Rasheed, N. M., & Alshammari, M. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1111038 · Cited by 30
“Insomnia has been recognized as a significant health issue negatively affecting cognitive performance, mood (Alhola and Polo-Kantola, 2007), immune function (Irwin, 2015), cardiovascular risk (Kwok et al., 2018), weight, and metabolism (Ming et al., 2011; Papatriantafyllou et al., 2022).”
BackgroundTsuchiya, M., Aida, J., Hagiwara, Y., Sugawara, Y., Tomata, Y., Sato, M., Watanabe, T., Tomita, H., Nemoto, E., Watanabe, M., et al. (2015) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.237.83 · Cited by 25
“Similarly, sleep disturbances increase with psychological stress and infectious diseases (Irwin 2015).”
BackgroundShort-term sleep deprivation in mice induces B cell migration to the brain compartment
Korin, B., Avraham, S., Azulay‐Debby, H., Farfara, D., Hakim, F., & Rolls, A. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz222 · Cited by 28
Prather, A. A. (2019) · Sleep and Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00024-1 · Cited by 27
Koch, M., Matzke, I., Huhn, S., Sié, A., Boudo, V., Compaoré, G., Maggioni, M. A., Bunker, A., Bärnighausen, T., Dambach, P., et al. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/46980 · Cited by 24
“Previous studies have found that rising temperatures negatively affect sleep [6,7], which can cause, for example, decreased cognitive function [8], compromised immune function [9], and adverse cardiovascular outcomes [10].”
Kohanmoo, A., Kazemi, A., Zare, M., & Akhlaghi, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58801-5 · Cited by 32
CareSleepNet: A Hybrid Deep Learning Network for Automatic Sleep Staging
Wang, J., Zhao, S., Jiang, H., Zhou, Y., Yu, Z., Li, T., Li, S., & Pan, G. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3426939 · Cited by 30
Subjective Social Status and Adolescent Health
Huynh, V. W., & Chiang, J. J. (2016) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x16646028 · Cited by 25
“Greater psychological stress and poorer sleep, in turn, are associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007; Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundShih, C., Wang, C., Chung, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7528 · Cited by 24
“26 Accordingly, NSD may lead to the inflammation of vestibular neurons, which are suggested to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of BPPV. 23,27 Sleep disorders are known to be associated with medical and psychiatric comorbidities.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- ORCID
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-172
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC4961463
- OpenAlex
- W2125158184
- Semantic Scholar
- d759f8bbeb16d0fa5077fc8d5439c63c7b49ee94
- Cited by
- 1,325
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955, R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep restriction, psychoneuroimmunology, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, antiviral immunity, vaccine response, infectious disease risk, pro-inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic nervous system, sleep interventions, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
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