The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 130 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep disturbance impairs adaptive immunity and increases inflammation through HPA-axis and sympathetic pathways, linking sleep to infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. It synthesizes evidence that behavioral sleep treatments may reduce inflammatory markers, though mediation by inflammation remains unproven.
Key findings
- Insomnia complaints occur in nearly 25% of the US population, nearly 10% meet diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia, and insomnia persists for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients.
- Experimental sleep loss reduces T-cell IL-2 production, shifts Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, reduces monocyte IL-12, and increases IL-10; partial sleep loss reduced influenza A vaccine response by over 50%, and shorter sleep duration (<6 h) was linked to decreased hepatitis B vaccine protection in 125 midlife adults.
- Sleep loss and short sleep increase inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 via NF-κB and TLR-4 signaling; insomnia with short sleep duration (≤5 h) was associated with a fivefold greater risk of hypertension and a fourfold increased risk of incident hypertension, while persistent insomnia conferred a 14-fold greater risk of depression in the following year.
- Behavioral treatments may reduce inflammation: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was associated with 50% lower CRP one year after treatment among those with insomnia remission, and tai chi improved insomnia complaints, augmented herpes zoster vaccine responses, and reduced IL-6.
Methods
- Narrative review of psychoneuroimmunology literature; no primary data collection. It synthesizes human and animal experimental sleep deprivation, naturalistic sleep disturbance, epidemiologic cohorts, vaccine response studies, and behavioral intervention trials.
- Main analysis is a conceptual integration of sleep effects on adaptive and innate immunity, HPA-axis and sympathetic nervous system pathways, inflammatory signaling, and disease outcomes; no formal systematic search or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- Stated: no prospective study has systematically evaluated whether elevated inflammation mediates associations between sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease or cancer, and the prospective role of sleep disturbance in driving inflammation that mediates depression is not known.
- Stated: epidemiologic findings on insomnia and CRP are mixed; no systematic studies have evaluated sedative hypnotics on markers of inflammation, and no randomized controlled trials have assessed whether inflammation is altered with pharmacotherapy of insomnia.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis; heterogeneity in sleep measures, populations, and study designs limits causal inference.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“the nocturnal increase of natural killer (NK) cell activity, a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, is dependent in part on sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronfol et al. 1997
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep has a critical role in promoting health.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“activation of the HPA axis releases cortisol that suppresses proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses by three mechanisms”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compelling evidence that disturbances of sleep including insomnia complaints and extremes of sleep duration adversely influence risk of infectious and inflammatory disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dew et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kripke et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mallon et al. 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep plays an important role in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune responses”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence indicates that sleep disturbance induces a downregulation of adaptive immunity, as indexed by an impaired response to infectious challenge”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine drop”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Besedovsky et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep also enhances the production of IL-12 by precursor dendritic cells as well as by monocytes”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“total night sleep deprivation diminishes the increase in IL-6 by about half”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence shows that behavioral treatments have robust efficacy, with remission of insomnia sustained in the long term”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Morin et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH and prolactin are well known to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as to promote type 1 cytokine activity”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain aspects of immunity are mainly influenced by circadian processes, whereas other immune measures are primarily steered by sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the aftermath of sleep disruption, such adrenergic signaling is thought to steer inflammatory gene expression and lead to increases in daytime levels of markers of innate immunity and inflammation”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest the possibility that short sleep duration might increase infectious disease risk by increasing susceptibility to viral pathogens or expression of symptoms, or both”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
hedgedconditionaln = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the effects of sleep loss were persistent for up to one year, with a reduced frequency of antigen-specific Th cells as well reduced levels of antigen Ag-specific immunoglobulin G1”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2, and this effect is independent of the total number of circulating T cells”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep, as described above, serves to prime the immune system to infectious challenge and to induce nocturnal activation of inflammatory signaling.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental studies in which healthy adults are inoculated with a rhinovirus that produces symptoms of the common cold, poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold and greater symptom reporting”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Infectious Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, in a vulnerable population of individuals who report chronic sleep disturbance, a single night of sleep loss triggers an activation of inflammation with increases in IL-6 and TNF, which is not found in those who have no underlying sleep problems (Irwin et al. 2004).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Experimental Sleep Loss, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2009) found that each additional hour of sleep duration resulted in an increase in CRP and an increase in IL-6, whereas a shorter sleep duration was associated with an increase in TNF.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with recent findings indicating that sleep disturbance has a critical role in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension incidence (Gangwisch et al. 2010) as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014)”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gangwisch et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suarez (2008) found that overall poor sleep quality was associated with increases inflammatory biomarkers, but only for women”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suarez 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During NREM or SWS, sympathetic activity is decreased; during REM sleep, SNS outflow is higher, similar to daytime levels (Somers et al. 1993).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sympathetic Mechanisms Linking Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somers et al. 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Immunologic response to vaccination is a valid proxy for infectious disease risk.
“Research on the effects of sleep loss on vaccine responses provides a translational perspective on the sleep-related changes in adaptive immunity by identifying clinically relevant endpoints related to infectious disease risk including immunologic response to vaccination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from experimental sleep deprivation in healthy adults generalize to naturalistic sleep disturbance and clinical populations.
“In humans, partial sleep deprivation mimics the ubiquitous sleep disturbance found in persons exposed to social adversity or who are aged and most vulnerable to infectious diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, the findings of increased TNF production in the morning after sleep deprivation by Irwin et al. (256) may reflect a rebound effect of sleep, as participants were allowed to sleep in the second night half before blood was collected in the morning.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep of adequate duration and quality is important for good human physical and mental health.97–100”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular IL-6 production was not altered acutely during sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness (147), but was increased in the morning after one night of partial sleep loss in healthy humans (89, 256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Following sleep deprivation in the first night half, TNF production in monocytes and TNF mRNA were shown to be increased in the morning (256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
“levels of IL-2 are similar during a night of uninterrupted sleep or partial sleep loss”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP: ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND INSOMNIA > Sleep Characteristics
“sleep efficiency or the ratio of wake time to time in bed”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SUMMARY POINTS
“Sleep deprivation and naturalistic disturbance of sleep (i.e., short sleep duration or reduced sleep efficiency) impair adaptive immunity”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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“Inflammatory responses are thought to be linked to 15–20% of all deaths from cancer worldwide (Mantovani et al. 2008), in part due to cancer-related activation of NF-κB and multiple inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (Karin 2006).”
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Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618 · cited 8×
“Partial-night sleep deprivation induces an increase in TLR-4-stimulated production of IL-6 and TNF, which is especially prominent in women who show sustained elevations ADRB2 TLR4 Circulation SNS nerve fibers Cardiovascular disease Major depressive disorder Cancer NF-κB Expression of proinflammatory immune response ge…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620 · cited 1×
“One example is the Insomnia Severity Index, which assesses sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life, with a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insomnia cases (Morin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743 · cited 1×
“…about 25% of the population of the United States report insomnia complaints (LeBlanc et al. 2009), and nearly 10% fulfill diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (Morin et al. 2006b; Ohayon 1996, 2002), which is persistent for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients (Morin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression
Karin, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04870 · Cited by 3,519 · cited 7×
“Transcription factor binding motifs that were overrepresented in the sleep-deprivation condition included the promoters of genes involved in regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-induced transcription factors of the cAMP response element–binding protein/activating transcription facto…”
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“…the role of insomnia in the onset of depression (for a review, see Riemann 2010), with meta-analytic findings showing that sleep disturbance yields a twofold increased risk of depression (Baglioni et al. 2011) or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman & Eaton 1991).”
BackgroundSleep Health: Can We Define It? Does It Matter?
Buysse, D. J. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3298 · Cited by 2,777 · cited 2×
“The purpose of the present review is to provide an integrated understanding of how sleep health (Buysse 2014) affects one salient biological mechanism, the immune system, with implications for infectious and inflammatory disease risk.”
Background
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Cited by
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Chen, Y., Lin, L., Hong, B., Karatela, S., Pan, W., Wu, S., Tang, N., Wang, Y., Jin, J., & Cai, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.791369 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Sleep on Face Recognition Memory: A Scoping Review
Santos, I. M., Silva, A., Bem‐Haja, P., Rosa, C., Cerri, L., Queiroz, D. F., Barroso, T., Alves, M. F., & da Silva, C. F. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12101385 · Cited by 6
“developing high stress levels [2], hypertension [3,4], diabetes [5,6], infectious disease [7],”
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“Introduction Sleep plays a fundamental role in mental and physical health, and sleep disorders, especially insomnia, could have a powerful influence on our health [1].”
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Closed-loop auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations: basic principles and best practicesPreprint
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Sleep deprivation and the development of oxidative stress in animal models
Bukareva, O., Pavlova, O. N., Сергеевна, Г. Д., Zakharov, A. V., & Shirolapov, I. V. (2025) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2025125031124 · Cited by 4
GateSleepNet: A Dual-Level Spatiotemporal Graph-Transformer Architecture for Automatic Sleep Staging
Feng, Y., An, Y., Sun, H., Li, Z., & Zhang, X. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2025.3621217 · Cited by 4
“S LEEP, a vital physiological process, significantly impacts human health, performance, and well-being [1].”
Traditional Chinese medicine body constitution and sleep quality
Gao, P., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Bai, M., Myers, A., Wang, Q., Delzell, E., Kushida, C. A., Huang, D., Yang, F., et al. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf069 · Cited by 4
Morimoto, A., Furuki, H., Sugita, N., Hayashi, R., & Sonoda, N. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.118965 · Cited by 4
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Maki, K. A., Barb, J. J., Alkhatib, J., Butera, G., & Wallen, G. R. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106578 · Cited by 5
“Far from a passive state, sleep is an active process essential for neurophysiology, immune function, and cardiometabolic health (Irwin, 2015).”
The effect of shift work on different hematological parameters among healthcare workers
Sooriyaarachchi, P., Jayawardena, R., Pavey, T., & King, N. A. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2231079 · Cited by 4
“There is strong evidence that lack of sleep can have negative effects on metabolism and the immune system (Irwin 2015).”
BackgroundSleep Deficiency in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Adekolu, O., Ahsan, M., Anwar, A. I., & Zinchuk, A. V. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.08.002 · Cited by 4
He, Q., Wu, H., Meng, X.-L., & Li, C.-L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1547389 · Cited by 5
“Bedtime procrastination not only causes sleep insuf fi ciency (4), affects an individual ’ s learning and working status the next day (5, 6), but also reduces individual well-being and increases risk of physical and mental illness, such as anxiety and depression (7, 8).”
Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Jing, D., Liang, H., Tian, Y., Zhou, G., Zhang, G., Shen, M., Xiao, Y., Chen, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2025.08.048 · Cited by 4
Physical activity and sleep behaviour in women carrying BRCA1/2 mutations
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Optimizing Lymphedema Outcomes through Lifestyle
Keith, L., & Erkstam, R. (2023) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2301016 · Cited by 4
Strumberger, M. A., Häberling, I. S., Emery, S., Albermann, M., Baumgartner, N., Bucher, N., Erb, S., Bachmann, S., Wöckel, L., Müller-Knapp, U., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10678 · Cited by 6
Emotion Regulation Strategies as a Moderator Between Insomnia Severity and Bedtime Procrastination
Jeon, H., Lee, W., & Suh, S. A. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2023.02033 · Cited by 6
“Insomnia poses as a risk factor for various psychiatric symptoms [2,3], which have been partially explained by its link to sleep and emotion regulation difficulties [4,5].”
BackgroundGu, Z., Wang, J., Yang, C. X., & Wu, H. L. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s457651 · Cited by 4
Picard, K., Dolhan, K., Watters, J. J., & Tremblay, M. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_20 · Cited by 4
The role of sleep in multiple sclerosis
Cordone, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103902 · Cited by 5
Sleep and children’s development in India
Singh, R., Singh, R. K., & Singh, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Global Health Reports · doi:10.29392/joghr.3.e2019006 · Cited by 4
Hilow, H. J., Whibley, D., Kratz, A. L., & Ghanbari, H. (2021) · Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cvdhj.2021.09.001 · Cited by 4
Living Your Best Life: Lifestyle Medicine for All Women
McHugh, J., Alexander, M., Kudesia, R., Krant, J., Comander, A. H., Tollefson, M., & Geyer, C. (2022) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276221087677 · Cited by 6
“Sleep is a complex biological process: sleep quality, quantity, and timing impact brain health, heart health, and cancer risk.(37) There is less evidence about the direct impact of sleep on skin health, but because of the effect of poor sleep on factors such as diet, stress, and hormone levels, it is likely that sleep…”
BackgroundNorouzi, E., Mohammadi, R., Fadaei, R., Moradi, M., Hosseini, H., Rezaie, L., & Khazaie, H. (2023) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2023.2222239 · Cited by 4
Zhao, F.-Y., Guo, S., Xu, Y., Hong, X., Wang, G., Song, H., Yue, L.-P., Fang-lei, C., Si-han, C. H. E. N., & Qiang-qiang, F. (2021) · Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science · doi:10.1007/s11726-021-1240-1 · Cited by 4
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A Unified Flexible Large Polysomnography Model for Sleep Staging and Downstream Clinical ScreeningPreprint
Deng, G., Niu, M., Rao, S., Luo, Y., Zhang, J., Xie, J., Yu, Z., Liu, W., Zhang, J., Zhao, S., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.11.24318815 · Cited by 4
Mousavi, S. S., Molanorouzi, K., Shojaei, M., & Bahari, S. M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2022.01543 · Cited by 5
“Chronic insomnia also increases the risk of immune dysfunction and other conditions, like depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide [2].”
BackgroundThe synergistic effect of insomnia and depression on risk of herpes zoster
Wu, H., Lin, C., Chung, C., & Chien, W. (2024) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-024-01194-y · Cited by 3
“This elevated risk may be linked to the regulation of immune system function, including reductions in killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and phagocytic cells (Irwin 2015; Spiegel et al. 2002).”
InfluentialLaw, C., Sokolovsky, A. W., Yap, D. L., Erblich, J., Gunthert, K. C., & Behar, E. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.09.005 · Cited by 3
Andersen, M. L., Alvarenga, T. A., Fonseca, L. H., & Tufik, S. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251356355 · Cited by 4
“These include alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increased inflammatory responses, and dysregulation of metabolic processes (Irwin, 2015).”
Sleep Deprivation and the Development of Oxidative Stress in Animal Models
Bukareva, O., Pavlova, O. N., Сергеевна, Г. Д., Zakharov, A. V., & Shirolapov, I. V. (2025) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-025-01864-2 · Cited by 3
“Modern concepts of the nature and mechanisms of sleep in humans and animals include several hypotheses [4–7].”
Kara, B. C., Dalkılınç, G., Guven, S. N., Kesimalioglu, H., & Satıcı, S. A. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10200-3 · Cited by 3
Multidimensional sleep health linked to quality of life among Chinese adults
Li, S., Shang, X., Wang, Y., & Fong, D. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02436-1 · Cited by 3
“Sleep is an essential biological process that facilitates energy conservation, physiological and psychological restoration, emotional-cognitive regulation, and neuro-developmental maturation [8].”
Yamaoka, K., Ishii, Y., & Terasawa, Y. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101135 · Cited by 4
“For individuals experiencing poor sleep quality, sleep hygiene education and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) effectively enhanced both sleep and overall psycho-physiological health (Irwin, 2015).”
Domaradzki, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010026 · Cited by 3
“Sleep influences metabolic, hormonal, and emotional regulation [8,9].”
Akar, Z. A., Yıldırım, D., Karakoyun, Ö., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1797652 · Cited by 3
A wake-up call for a global climate and sleep task force
Minor, K., Blume, C., Prather, A. A., Carías, M. E., Mullins, J. T., Aylward, B., Wortzel, J. R., Boateng, G. O., Weobong, B., Mindell, J. A. A., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag075 · Cited by 4
Malika, N. M., Dyk, T. V. V., Alemi, Q., Belliard, J., Fisher, C. C., Ortiz, L., & Montgomery, S. (2023) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.95 · Cited by 3
“However, studies have also found that adequate sleep and proper regulation of the sleep–wake pattern positively play a restorative role on the immune system and brain function [31, 32].”
Khatibi, E., Abbasian, M., Azimi, I., Labbaf, S., Feli, M., Borelli, J. L., Dutt, N. D., & Rahmani, A. M. (2023) · Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks · doi:10.1109/bsn58485.2023.10331423 · Cited by 5
Sleep and cognition in South African patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas
de Villiers, O., Elliot-Wilson, C., Thomas, K. G. F., Semple, P., Naiker, T., Henry, M., & Ross, I. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296387 · Cited by 3
Li, N., Xue, D., Zhao, X., Li, L., Men, K., Yang, J., Jiang, H., Meng, Q., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111892 · Cited by 5
Gutiérrez‐Espinoza, H., Araya‐Quintanilla, F., Veas, J. R., et al. (2025) · International Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s00264-025-06431-5 · Cited by 3
Machine Learning Approaches in Photoplethysmography-Based Sleep Stage Classification
Ferdous, T., Karim, R. U., Samin, A., Mahdi, S., Tasnim, H., & Zereen, A. N. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Automation and Computer Engineering (ICEACE) · doi:10.1109/iceace63551.2024.10898858 · Cited by 3
“Equation [2-7] (6) III.”
Bai, D., Fan, X., Xiang, C., & Lei, X. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15040423 · Cited by 4
“Sleep, a fundamental physiological process that occupies up to one-third of each day, is essential for human survival [1].”
Depression and Inflammation in Women With Breast Cancer: Risk and Resilience Factors
Korecki, J. R., Slavich, G. M., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. R., Cole, S. W., Crespi, C. M., & Bower, J. E. (2025) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001398 · Cited by 3
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Exogenous Melatonin and Sleep Quality: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews
Iyer, S., Monk, V., Slater, R., & Baxter, L. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.70115 · Cited by 3
Hinterberger, A., Eigl, E., Topalidis, P. I., & Schabus, M. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s501633 · Cited by 3
“42 In order to assess these risks as well as to monitor changes in sleep across treatment, continuous and valid objective measurements of sleep are needed.”
He, D., Jiang, B., Guo, Z., Mu, Q., & McClure, M. A. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz238 · Cited by 3
The Value of Sleep for Optimizing Health
Tucker, M. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30892-6_14 · Cited by 3
Identification of hub genes correlated with sleep deprivation using co-expression analysis
Xu, H., Lin, S.-Z., Shi, K., Qiu, J.-J., Hu, J., Yu, Z., Dai, D., Zhang, N., Liang, M., Cai, H.-D., et al. (2021) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-021-02321-3 · Cited by 3
GÜNEY, G., & İmamoğlu, O. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22163432 · Cited by 3
Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of modified Freedman questionnaire for sleep quality
Dallı, Ö. E., & Yıldırım, Y. (2022) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-022-00389-2 · Cited by 3
“Sleep is a dynamic and physiological need for restoring and maintaining health and well-being [1].”
BackgroundThe effect of tension variability for sleep quality in headache patients: A Holter monitoring study
Çiçekli, E., & Emre, E. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029876 · Cited by 3
“This results in an increased proinflammatory response.[17,18] Aging is associated with a reduced ability to initiate and maintain sleep.”
BackgroundSayılan, S., Ok, E., & Çetinkaya, E. (2022) · Ankara Medical Journal · doi:10.5505/amj.2022.94830 · Cited by 3
Derbyshire, E. J., Bond, T., & Ellis, J. (2023) · Nutrition and Food Technology Open Access · doi:10.16966/2470-6086.182 · Cited by 3
“Yet good sleep is central to good health [7,8].”
BackgroundSleep Hygiene, Daytime Sleepiness, and Coping Mechanisms Amongst US Adults
Yared, L., Rodrigues, K., Mangal, R. K., Stead, T. S., & Ganti, L. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45608 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, improper sleep can promote inflammatory pathways, influencing the progression of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease [2].”
BackgroundMousavi, Z. A., Troxel, W., Dickerson, D. L., Dong, L., Brown, R. A., Palimaru, A. I., Klein, D. J., Johnson, C. L., & D’Amico, E. J. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001342 · Cited by 5
Dong, X.-Q., Wang, Y.-Q., Kang, Y., Zhou, X., Li, J., Cao, H., Li, Y., Li, Y., Yang, P.-T., Duan, Y.-L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.028 · Cited by 4
Esin, R. G., Esin, O. R., & Erkinova, D. E. (2024) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/ms2024-292 · Cited by 3
Potential Applications of Traditional Medicinal Plants for Treating Sleep Disorders
Madhu, N. R., Sarkar, B., Halder, N. C., & Behera, B. K. (2023) · doi:10.52756/bhietm.2023.e02.015 · Cited by 3
Long-term health conditions and their impact on people with sleep disturbances and dementia
Rapaport, P., Bhojwani, A., Webster, L., Amador, S., Muralidhar, M., & Livingston, G. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06045-x · Cited by 5
“This relationship may be bidirectional as these illnesses and associated pain may cause or contribute to sleep disturbances [27, 28], and prolonged sleep disturbances could increase the likelihood and severity of symptoms of LTCs [21, 29].”
The influence of physical activity on sleep quality in people living with HIV: A scoping review
Cordeiro, J. F. C., dos Anjos, J. R. C., Bohn, L., Brilhadori, J., de Moraes, C. A. L. C., Andaki, A. C. R., Mendes, E. L., Mota, J. A. P. S., Machado, D. R. L., Correia, I. M., et al. (2025) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2025.2490656 · Cited by 3
“Regarding quality of life, sleep is a fundamental aspect of health and has received increasing attention in medical research in recent years (Beswick et al., 2023; Irwin, 2015).”
Preclinical models of insomnia: advances, limitations, and future directions for drug discovery
Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2025.2528135 · Cited by 4
Gender and Racial/Ethnic Differences in CVD Risk: Behavioral and Psychosocial Risk and Resilience
Ruiz, J. M., Doyle, C. Y., Flores, M. A., & Price, S. N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71135-5_10 · Cited by 4
Prediction of Upper Respiratory Illness Using Salivary Immunoglobulin A in Youth Athletes
Sawczuk, T., Jones, B. L., Welch, M., Beggs, C. B., Scantlebury, S., & Till, K. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0804 · Cited by 3
Sportmedizinische Grundlagen: Immunologische Beanspruchung durch körperliche Belastung
Puta, C., & Gabriel, H. H. W. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53386-4_20-1 · Cited by 3
Kosova, M. K., & Kosova, S. (2022) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.30092 · Cited by 3
“Sleep is one of the most important factors in the functioning of the immune system and protection against diseases (4).”
BackgroundSleep, Don't Sneeze: Longer Sleep Reduces the Risk of Catching a Cold
Besedovsky, L., & Jan Born, A. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4958 · Cited by 3
The Handbook of Wellness Medicine
Snellings, J. E. (2021) · Family Medicine · doi:10.22454/fammed.2021.204951 · Cited by 3
Anandavelu, P. A. P., Ma’rof, A. A., & Abdullah, H. B. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i10/15215 · Cited by 5
“329 Irwin, M. R. (2015). Why sleep is important for health: a psychoneuroimmunology perspective. Annual review of psychology, 66, 143-172. Jansen, E. C., Peterson, K. E., O’Brien, L., Hershner, S., & Boolani, A. (2020). Associations between mental workload and sleep quality in a sample of young adults recruited from a…”
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Williams, D. T., Goosby, B. J., & Cheadle, J. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92002-9_46 · Cited by 3
Tian, M., Ma, H., Shen, J., Hu, T., Cui, H., & Huangfu, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1132281 · Cited by 3
“the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) (44), dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (45), systemic inflammatory activation (46), and acceleration of atherosclerosis (47).”
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SLEEP- DISORDERED BREATHING IN CYSTIC FIBROSISPreprint
Jobanputra, A. M., Jagpal, S. K., Ahmed, O., Santiago, T. V., & Ramagopal, M. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.158981252.22776056 · Cited by 3
Paul, E., & Fancourt, D. E. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.22273792 · Cited by 3
An Interactive Design Solution for Sleep Persuasion Based on Health Risk Visualization
Zheng, K., Luo, J., & Yan, Y. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35748-0_14 · Cited by 2
Tokunaga, A., Kimura, N., Masuda, T., Hanaoka, T., & Matsubara, E. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14135 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, all these conditions are associated with both increased cytokine levels and cognitive decline (Irwin, 2015; King et al., 2018; Svensson et al., 2012).”
Income, mental health, and sleep quality in sexual minorities in the United Kingdom.
Jaspal, R., Lopes, B., & Groeger, J. A. (2025) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000797 · Cited by 4
Gu, Y., Hu, P., Dai, C., Ni, S., & Huang, Q. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02767-w · Cited by 3
Overview of Sleep Quality on The Incidence of Hypertension Study: Sys-tematic Literature Review
Virgianti, L., Nurjazuli, N., & Widjanarko, B. (2025) · Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies · doi:10.59188/eduvest.v5i4.33274 · Cited by 2
“(Irwin, 2015) .”
Zhou, K., Ren, Y., Zang, L., & Zhou, Z. (2025) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2025.2509866 · Cited by 4
“Sleep is one of the basic physiological processes of human existence [1], accounting for almost one-third of human life.”
Sleep Deprivation Alters T Cell Dynamics: Melatonin as a Restorative Agent
Öztürk, H., Çalış, H., Gelmez, M. Y., Deniz, G., Yılmaz, A., Kılıç, M. A., Yelmen, N. K., Güleken, Z., & Sarıbal, D. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70130 · Cited by 4
Zhang, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, N., Ning, W., Zhu, B., & Mao, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2025.1608535 · Cited by 4
“By synthesizing evidence from global research, this review seeks to provide clearer insights into the role of sleep characteristics in breast cancer, potentially informing both preventive strategies and clinical management approaches [32, 33].”
Jeong, W., Song, M. J., Shin, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15101562 · Cited by 2
“Sleep plays a fundamental role in maintaining overall health and physiological homeostasis [6].”
Multilevel analysis of sleep arrangements and psychological well-being among older couples in Taiwan
Lin, W., & Chiao, C. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24856-w · Cited by 3
“A recent review indicated that sleep problems, such as insomnia or insufficient sleep, are associated with a higher risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and depression [1].”
Ishikawa, Y., Svensson, T., Madhawa, K., Hoang, N. T., Chung, U., & Svensson, A. K. (2025) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1093/joccuh/uiaf062 · Cited by 2
“1,2 In Japan, more than 20% of adults have sleep quality problems, including those of working age.”
Longan flower water extract promotes sleep in mice via the serotonin–melatonin axis
Hung, T., Cheng, C., Chiou, W.-C., Hsia, T., Liu, H., Lu, H., Lai, Y., Tsai, S., Chen, C., & Huang, C. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70294 · Cited by 2
Li, Z., Li, J., Zhang, A., Liu, P., Su, G., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, H., Ma, Y., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07569-7 · Cited by 2
Ahrensberg, H., Christensen, A. I., Andersen, S., & Petersen, C. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2025.1661250 · Cited by 2
“Poor sleep is common in many western countries (Liu et al., 2016; Kronholm et al., 2016; Chaput et al., 2017; Chattu et al., 2018), although sleep is essential for health and wellbeing (Irwin, 2015; Goel et al., 2009; Spytska, 2024).”
Cho, J., Kang, E. S., Kim, S. E., & Won, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29891-6 · Cited by 2
“…suggested that sleep duration and quality act as independent risk factors while being intertwined in a complementary manner with inflammation-related lifestyle patterns, potentially showing an associated shift toward the upper quantiles of the LIS 2,4,19 . sex-specific differences were also noted.”
Zhou, Y., Dong, S., Wang, C. C., Wu, L. M., Han, W., Cao, F., Guan, Y., Zhu, C., Guo, X., & Liu, W.-T. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06857-x · Cited by 2
“…has shown that chronic sleep disturbances may lead to hyperactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, resulting in sustained cortisol elevation, disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis, and impaired emotional regulation, thereby increasing the risk of anxiety and depression [65].”
Zhou, Y., Guo, X., Dong, S., Wang, Y., Zheng, M., Wang, C., Wu, L., & Liu, W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0339843 · Cited by 2
“…sustained elevation of glucocorticoids, which accelerates muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction, while also suppressing hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, reducing growth hormone and testosterone secretion, further impairing muscle protein synthesis and reducing bone mass [56,57].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- ORCID
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-172
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC4961463
- OpenAlex
- W2125158184
- Semantic Scholar
- d759f8bbeb16d0fa5077fc8d5439c63c7b49ee94
- Cited by
- 1,325
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955, R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep restriction, psychoneuroimmunology, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, antiviral immunity, vaccine response, infectious disease risk, pro-inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic nervous system, sleep interventions, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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