The DOI matches its Crossref record; 203 of the 203 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 130 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Open accessAbstract
Sleep has a critical role in promoting health. Research over the past decade has documented that sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease, the occurrence and progression of several major medical illnesses including cardiovascular disease and cancer, and the incidence of depression. Increasingly, the field has focused on identifying the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. This review highlights the impact of sleep on adaptive and innate immunity, with consideration of the dynamics of sleep disturbance, sleep restriction, and insomnia on (a) antiviral immune responses with consequences for vaccine responses and infectious disease risk and (b) proinflammatory immune responses with implications for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. This review also discusses the neuroendocrine and autonomic neural underpinnings linking sleep disturbance and immunity and the reciprocal links between sleep and inflammatory biology. Finally, interventions are discussed as effective strategies to improve sleep, and potential opportunities are identified to promote sleep health for therapeutic control of chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep disturbance impairs adaptive immunity and increases inflammation through HPA-axis and sympathetic pathways, linking sleep to infectious disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression. It synthesizes evidence that behavioral sleep treatments may reduce inflammatory markers, though mediation by inflammation remains unproven.
Key findings
- Insomnia complaints occur in nearly 25% of the US population, nearly 10% meet diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia, and insomnia persists for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients.
- Experimental sleep loss reduces T-cell IL-2 production, shifts Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2, reduces monocyte IL-12, and increases IL-10; partial sleep loss reduced influenza A vaccine response by over 50%, and shorter sleep duration (<6 h) was linked to decreased hepatitis B vaccine protection in 125 midlife adults.
- Sleep loss and short sleep increase inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 via NF-κB and TLR-4 signaling; insomnia with short sleep duration (≤5 h) was associated with a fivefold greater risk of hypertension and a fourfold increased risk of incident hypertension, while persistent insomnia conferred a 14-fold greater risk of depression in the following year.
- Behavioral treatments may reduce inflammation: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia was associated with 50% lower CRP one year after treatment among those with insomnia remission, and tai chi improved insomnia complaints, augmented herpes zoster vaccine responses, and reduced IL-6.
Methods
- Narrative review of psychoneuroimmunology literature; no primary data collection. It synthesizes human and animal experimental sleep deprivation, naturalistic sleep disturbance, epidemiologic cohorts, vaccine response studies, and behavioral intervention trials.
- Main analysis is a conceptual integration of sleep effects on adaptive and innate immunity, HPA-axis and sympathetic nervous system pathways, inflammatory signaling, and disease outcomes; no formal systematic search or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- Stated: no prospective study has systematically evaluated whether elevated inflammation mediates associations between sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease or cancer, and the prospective role of sleep disturbance in driving inflammation that mediates depression is not known.
- Stated: epidemiologic findings on insomnia and CRP are mixed; no systematic studies have evaluated sedative hypnotics on markers of inflammation, and no randomized controlled trials have assessed whether inflammation is altered with pharmacotherapy of insomnia.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, and quantitative synthesis; heterogeneity in sleep measures, populations, and study designs limits causal inference.
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Claims the paper makes
96 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“the nocturnal increase of natural killer (NK) cell activity, a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system, is dependent in part on sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kronfol et al. 1997
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep has a critical role in promoting health.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“activation of the HPA axis releases cortisol that suppresses proinflammatory and antiviral immune responses by three mechanisms”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin & Cole 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sleep disturbance has a powerful influence on the risk of infectious disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compelling evidence that disturbances of sleep including insomnia complaints and extremes of sleep duration adversely influence risk of infectious and inflammatory disease”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dew et al. 2003
- Not checked yetcites Kripke et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mallon et al. 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“sleep plays an important role in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune responses”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence indicates that sleep disturbance induces a downregulation of adaptive immunity, as indexed by an impaired response to infectious challenge”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Innate Immunity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“During sleep, blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine drop”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Besedovsky et al. 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep also enhances the production of IL-12 by precursor dendritic cells as well as by monocytes”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“total night sleep deprivation diminishes the increase in IL-6 by about half”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vgontzas et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep influences the two primary effector systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which in turn regulate adaptive and innate immune responses.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Psychoneuroimmunologic Pathways of Immune Regulation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantial evidence shows that behavioral treatments have robust efficacy, with remission of insomnia sustained in the long term”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2006a
- Not checked yetcites Morin et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“GH and prolactin are well known to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of T cells as well as to promote type 1 cytokine activity”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Innate Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2006a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“certain aspects of immunity are mainly influenced by circadian processes, whereas other immune measures are primarily steered by sleep”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the aftermath of sleep disruption, such adrenergic signaling is thought to steer inflammatory gene expression and lead to increases in daytime levels of markers of innate immunity and inflammation”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest the possibility that short sleep duration might increase infectious disease risk by increasing susceptibility to viral pathogens or expression of symptoms, or both”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
hedgedconditionaln = 125- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the effects of sleep loss were persistent for up to one year, with a reduced frequency of antigen-specific Th cells as well reduced levels of antigen Ag-specific immunoglobulin G1”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Vaccine Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lange et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2, and this effect is independent of the total number of circulating T cells”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nocturnal sleep, as described above, serves to prime the immune system to infectious challenge and to induce nocturnal activation of inflammatory signaling.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental studies in which healthy adults are inoculated with a rhinovirus that produces symptoms of the common cold, poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased susceptibility to the common cold and greater symptom reporting”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Sleep Disturbance and Infectious Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, in a vulnerable population of individuals who report chronic sleep disturbance, a single night of sleep loss triggers an activation of inflammation with increases in IL-6 and TNF, which is not found in those who have no underlying sleep problems (Irwin et al. 2004).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Experimental Sleep Loss, Innate Immunity, and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Irwin et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patel et al. (2009) found that each additional hour of sleep duration resulted in an increase in CRP and an increase in IL-6, whereas a shorter sleep duration was associated with an increase in TNF.”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with recent findings indicating that sleep disturbance has a critical role in mediating the association between depressive symptoms and hypertension incidence (Gangwisch et al. 2010) as well as all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality (Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014)”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Cardiovascular Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gangwisch et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Azevedo Da Silva et al. 2014
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suarez (2008) found that overall poor sleep quality was associated with increases inflammatory biomarkers, but only for women”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Naturalistic Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suarez 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During NREM or SWS, sympathetic activity is decreased; during REM sleep, SNS outflow is higher, similar to daytime levels (Somers et al. 1993).”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, INNATE IMMUNITY, AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS > Sympathetic Mechanisms Linking Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somers et al. 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Immunologic response to vaccination is a valid proxy for infectious disease risk.
“Research on the effects of sleep loss on vaccine responses provides a translational perspective on the sleep-related changes in adaptive immunity by identifying clinically relevant endpoints related to infectious disease risk including immunologic response to vaccination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from experimental sleep deprivation in healthy adults generalize to naturalistic sleep disturbance and clinical populations.
“In humans, partial sleep deprivation mimics the ubiquitous sleep disturbance found in persons exposed to social adversity or who are aged and most vulnerable to infectious diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sleep of adequate duration and quality is important for good human physical and mental health.97–100”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [100]
In the citing paper
“Hence, the findings of increased TNF production in the morning after sleep deprivation by Irwin et al. (256) may reflect a rebound effect of sleep, as participants were allowed to sleep in the second night half before blood was collected in the morning.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Intracellular IL-6 production was not altered acutely during sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness (147), but was increased in the morning after one night of partial sleep loss in healthy humans (89, 256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
In the citing paper
“Following sleep deprivation in the first night half, TNF production in monocytes and TNF mRNA were shown to be increased in the morning (256, 262, 264).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > IMMUNITY DURING NOCTURNAL SLEEP: CIRCADIAN VERSUS SLEEP PROCESSES > Nocturnal Profile of Adaptive Immunity
“levels of IL-2 are similar during a night of uninterrupted sleep or partial sleep loss”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP DISTURBANCE, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK > Experimental Sleep Loss and Adaptive Immunity
“Both partial- and total-night sleep deprivation reduce T cell production of IL-2”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SLEEP: ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP AND INSOMNIA > Sleep Characteristics
“sleep efficiency or the ratio of wake time to time in bed”
§ Why Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective > SUMMARY POINTS
“Sleep deprivation and naturalistic disturbance of sleep (i.e., short sleep duration or reduced sleep efficiency) impair adaptive immunity”
Citations
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“Partial-night sleep deprivation induces an increase in TLR-4-stimulated production of IL-6 and TNF, which is especially prominent in women who show sustained elevations ADRB2 TLR4 Circulation SNS nerve fibers Cardiovascular disease Major depressive disorder Cancer NF-κB Expression of proinflammatory immune response ge…”
BackgroundInfluentialMorin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620 · cited 1×
“One example is the Insomnia Severity Index, which assesses sleep quality, fatigue, psychological symptoms, and quality of life, with a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insomnia cases (Morin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn
Ohayon, M. M. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2002.0186 · Cited by 3,743 · cited 1×
“…about 25% of the population of the United States report insomnia complaints (LeBlanc et al. 2009), and nearly 10% fulfill diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (Morin et al. 2006b; Ohayon 1996, 2002), which is persistent for as long as three years in nearly 50% of patients (Morin et al. 2009).”
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“Transcription factor binding motifs that were overrepresented in the sleep-deprivation condition included the promoters of genes involved in regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA)-induced transcription factors of the cAMP response element–binding protein/activating transcription facto…”
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“…the role of insomnia in the onset of depression (for a review, see Riemann 2010), with meta-analytic findings showing that sleep disturbance yields a twofold increased risk of depression (Baglioni et al. 2011) or is one of the first clinical signs of a depressive disorder (Dryman & Eaton 1991).”
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“The purpose of the present review is to provide an integrated understanding of how sleep health (Buysse 2014) affects one salient biological mechanism, the immune system, with implications for infectious and inflammatory disease risk.”
Background
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Sleep in post-COVID-19 recovery period and its impact on different domains of quality of life
Sayed, S. E., Gomaa, S., Shokry, D., Kabil, A., & Eissa, A. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00429-7 · Cited by 78
“Sleep disorders have been associated to infectious disease hazard, the incidence and progression of many diseases including depressive disorder [23].”
BackgroundYang, Z., Zhu, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, F., & Zeng, H. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1711727 · Cited by 74
Obanor, O. O., McBroom, M. M., Elia, J. M., Ahmed, F., Sasaki, J. D., Murphy, K. M., Chalk, S., Menard, G. A., Pratt, N. V., Venkatachalam, A. M., et al. (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005031 · Cited by 75
“It may increase the risk of developing obesity, hypertension, heart disease, immune dysfunction, and certain types of cancer (3, 4).”
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Developmental trends in sleep during adolescents' transition to young adulthood
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“The pervasive and worsening sleep issues throughout the high school and post-high school years raise concerns in light of the widespread reports on poor sleep in adolescents [1] and the known link between poor sleep and a range of developmental risks including diminished mental health [39], physical health [6,40],”
BackgroundSelf-citationVitamin D Supplementation and Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies
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“Inadequate sleep is an underappreciated determinant of health [5,6] and can lead to short-term and long-term consequences.”
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Self-citationSleep and Organizational Behavior: Implications for Workplace Productivity and Safety
Pilcher, J. J., & Morris, D. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00045 · Cited by 92
“More specifically, immunology studies show that sleep loss is associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cells while curtailing the antiviral immune responses (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundSleep duration and cancer risk in women
Hurley, S. E., Goldberg, D. E., Bernstein, L., & Reynolds, P. (2015) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-015-0579-3 · Cited by 72
“Compared to short sleepers, longer sleepers have been shown to have increased serum cortisol levels and reduced killer cell activity, both of which may promote carcinogenesis [2, 44], although the reason why this risk would be confined to the group of estrogen-mediated cancers is not apparent.”
Prenatal Maternal Stress and the Cascade of Risk to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Offspring
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“12 Therefore it is believed that sleep is imperative to support host defence and cogni - tive resilience.”
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BackgroundCan Better Management of Periodontal Disease Delay the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease?
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“INTRODUCTION Poor sleep patterns have been linked to greater fatigue and depression and lower quality of life in patients with cancer(1) and with negative effects on innate/adaptive immunity, increased susceptibility to infections, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein and other inflammation-related markers.(2) Sl…”
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Insomnia and inflammation: A two hit model of depression risk and prevention
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Self-citationAssociations of sleep quality with incident atrial fibrillation: a meta‐analysis
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“Low-grade inflammation which is chronic can occur in multiple conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and aging [19]; the latter instance is denoted as inflammaging [62,63].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSleep and mood in older adults: coinciding changes in insomnia and depression symptoms
Li, M. J., Kechter, A., Olmstead, R. E., Irwin, M. R., & Black, D. S. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217001454 · Cited by 63
“Disrupted sleep and depressed mood are highly comorbid (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationCoSleepNet: Automated sleep staging using a hybrid CNN-LSTM network on imbalanced EEG-EOG datasets
Efe, E., & Özşen, S. (2022) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104299 · Cited by 64
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Closed-loop auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations: Basic principles and best practices
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“It supports cognitive and emotional processes such as memory consolidation (Rasch and Born, 2013; Genzel et al., 2015), as well as vital immunological, endocrine and metabolic functions (Besedovsky et al., 2012; Irwin, 2015; Zoccoli and Amici, 2020).”
InfluentialYogic Breathing and Mindfulness as Stress Coping Mediate Positive Health Outcomes of Yoga
Tellhed, U., Daukantaitė, D., Maddux, R. E., Svensson, T., & Melander, O. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01225-4 · Cited by 63
“Sleep problems, on the other hand, can contribute to a wide range of physiological and mental illnesses (Irwin 2015).”
BackgroundA cross-sectional survey of the nature and correlates of sleep disturbance in people with psoriasis
Henry, A. L., Kyle, S. D., Chisholm, A., Griffiths, C. E. M., & Bundy, C. (2017) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.15469 · Cited by 67
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“A loss of total sleep time leads to daytime increases in circulating interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels [12,13].”
BackgroundSleep and Multisystem Biological Risk: A Population-Based Study
Carroll, J., Irwin, M. R., Merkin, S. S., & Seeman, T. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118467 · Cited by 61
“these health outcomes, including diabetes [45,46], inflammation [47,48], metabolic syndrome [49], and cardiovascular disease and death [12,13,50].”
Self-citationEfficacy and placebo response of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for primary insomnia
Jiang, B., He, D., Guo, Z., Mu, Q., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.008 · Cited by 62
Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Immune Function
Tan, H., Gozal, D., & Gozal, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14738-9_1 · Cited by 62
The Cycle of Daily Stress and Sleep: Sleep Measurement Matters
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“Scoring was completed using the Cole-Kripke algorithm (1) and was in line with best practices outlined by the Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine (6).”
MethodKaur, T., Singh, H., Mishra, R., Manchanda, S., Gupta, M., Saini, V., Sharma, A., & Kaur, G. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-016-2900-1 · Cited by 62
Sleep disturbances and inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia: focus on sex differences
Lee, E. E., Ancoli-Israel, S., Eyler, L. T., Tu, X. M., Palmer, B. W., Irwin, M. R., & Jeste, D. V. (2019) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2018.09.017 · Cited by 58
“)(19,20) In the general population, meta-analyses have reported links between sleep disturbances, long sleep duration (> 8 hours/night) and inflammation.(18,21) Remission of insomnia has been shown to induce decreases in systemic, cellular and genomic markers of inflammation.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRole of Glia in the Regulation of Sleep in Health and Disease
Garofalo, S., Picard, K., Limatola, C., Nadjar, A., Pascual, O., & Tremblay, M. (2020) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c190022 · Cited by 64
“…focus on the role of immunity in the regulation of sleep, even though we are fully aware of the reciprocal links between the immune system and the brain (149, 150) and the effects of sleep on immune defense, yet a detailed discussion of these mechanisms is beyond the scope of this article.”
Cvejic, E., Huang, S., & Vollmer-Conna, U. S. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417716543 · Cited by 61
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An updated of meta-analysis on the relationship between mobile phone addiction and sleep disorder
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Sleep and allostatic load: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Insomnia in patients with coronary heart disease: prevalence and correlates
Frøjd, L. A., Munkhaugen, J., Moum, T., Sverre, E., Nordhus, I. H., Papageorgiou, C., & Dammen, T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9082 · Cited by 58
“31 Thepossibleassociations between insomnia and CRP in CHD patients are important because low-grade in fl ammation seems to promote insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque rupture, thus possibly representing a biological mechanism linking insomnia to poor CV…”
Is disruption of sleep quality a consequence of severe Covid-19 infection? A case-series examination
Vitale, J. A., Perazzo, P., Marina, S., Biffi, M., Banfi, G., & Negrini, F. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1775241 · Cited by 55
Life's Essential 8 and Depression: A National Cross-Sectional Analysis in US Emerging Adults
You, Y., Zheng, K., Ablitip, A., Wang, D., Chen, C., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, X. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.03.023 · Cited by 60
Sleep disturbances and their impact in pediatric cystic fibrosis
Shakkottai, A., O'Brien, L. M., Nasr, S. Z., & Chervin, R. D. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.07.002 · Cited by 55
“certain infections such as the common cold (9) and is associated with elevated serum inflammatory markers (9–11).”
BackgroundInfluentialGoosby, B. J., Straley, E., & Cheadle, J. E. (2017) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-017-9439-z · Cited by 57
Perceived Discrimination and Adolescent Sleep in a Community Sample
Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E., Strong‐Bak, W., Roth, T., & Nelson, T. D. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.03 · Cited by 55
“Nearly 25 percent of the U.S. population report insomnia complaints and 10 percent meet clinical criteria for insomnia (see Irwin 2015).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Natural Cognition in Everyday Settings: 3 Pressing Challenges
Parada, F. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00386 · Cited by 51
“, 2015; Zuker, 2015) and sleeping habits (Cedernaes et al., 2015; Dashti et al., 2015; Irwin, 2015), current employment situation/satisfaction (Faragher et al.”
BackgroundHuman Sustainability and Work: A Meta-Synthesis and New Theoretical Framework
Barnes, C. M., Wagner, D. T., Schabram, K., & Boncoeur, D. (2022) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/01492063221131541 · Cited by 63
“The human immune system is responsive to sleep; blood levels of cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine are impacted by sleep, such that optimal levels of sleep (7–8 h) decrease the body’s inflammatory responses linked to cardiovascular, cancer, and depressive disorders (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundFung, C. H., Vitiello, M. V., Alessi, C., & Kuchel, G. A. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14493 · Cited by 52
“Older brains are generally inflamed,(33) and research suggests that sleep disturbance alters gene expression and proteins of inflammatory mediators.(34,35) The role of nonneuronal cell types in brain responses to sleep loss is increasingly acknowledged, and glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) may play a r…”
BackgroundRico-Rosillo, M. G., & Vega-Robledo, G. B. (2018) · Revista Alergia México · doi:10.29262/ram.v65i2.359 · Cited by 63
Genetic sleep deprivation: using sleep mutants to study sleep functions
Bringmann, H. (2019) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201846807 · Cited by 51
Associations of Sleep Insufficiency and Chronotype with Inflammatory Cytokines in College Students
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Kamphorst, B. A., Nauts, S., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Anderson, J. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00252 · Cited by 54
Deciphering the mechanisms, biochemistry, physiology, and social habits in the process of aging
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Self-citationSleep Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Management
Pataka, A., Kotoulas, S., Sakka, E., Katsaounou, P. A., & Pappa, S. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11111203 · Cited by 53
“Sleep strongly affects the immune system, and there is evidence that sleep deprivation negatively impacts immune responses [39,40], possibly leading to immunosuppression [41].”
BackgroundEffects of chronic sleep deprivation on bone mass and bone metabolism in rats
Xu, X., Wang, L., Chen, L., Su, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Ma, W., Yang, F., Zhai, W., Xie, Y., et al. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-016-0418-6 · Cited by 51
“Some studies have reported that chronic poor sleep may contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation [44, 45].”
BackgroundWork-related self-assessed fatigue and recovery among nurses
Blasche, G., Bauböck, V.-M., & Haluza, D. (2016) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-016-1187-6 · Cited by 49
“Conversely, sleep disturbance increases the risk of infectious disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as the incidence of depression (Irwin 2015; Prather et al. 2015; Virtanen et al. 2009).”
Caroleo, M., Carbone, E. A., Primerano, A., FOTI, D. P., Brunetti, A., & Segura‐Garcìa, C. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.015 · Cited by 50
Circadian Rhythm and Glaucoma: What do We Know?
Ciulla, L. M., Moorthy, M., Mathew, S., Siesky, B. A., Vercellin, A. C. V., Price, D. A., Janulevičienė, I., & Harris, A. (2019) · Journal of Glaucoma · doi:10.1097/ijg.0000000000001402 · Cited by 46
The Impact of Pyschological Stress on Acne.
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“, 2016) and sleep (Irwin, 2015) are known predictors”
BackgroundRapid eye movements sleep as a predictor of functional outcome after stroke: a translational study
Pace, M., Camilo, M. R., Seiler, A., Duss, S. B., Mathis, J., Manconi, M., & Bassetti, C. L. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy138 · Cited by 49
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“In fact, having a “good sleep” ensures metabolic homeostasis, cerebral clearance, adequate immune function and overall good cognitive and mental status (Stickgold, 2006; Tononi and Cirelli, 2006; Cirelli and Tononi, 2008; Xie et al., 2013; Irwin, 2015; Freeman et al., 2017; Shokri-Kojori et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSleep Predicts Collegiate Academic Performance
Prichard, J. R. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.10.003 · Cited by 46
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“As a prevalent sleep disorder in the global population with rising prevalence [2], PI has caused an increased incidence of serious medical conditions, such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes [3].”
BackgroundDeterminants of natural adult sleep: An umbrella review
Philippens, N., Janssen, E., Kremers, S., & Crutzen, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277323 · Cited by 60
“Furthermore, sleep deprivation may also negatively impact emotion regulation, the immune system and job performance and increases the risk of traffic or industrial accidents [10,11].”
Nobarı, H., Azarian, S., Saedmocheshi, S., Valdés-Badilla, P., & García‐Calvo, T. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636 · Cited by 59
“…(short sleep duration or reduced sleep frequency) reduce adaptive immunity, which is linked to a reduced response to vaccination and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, which is linked to a decreased growth hormone secretion during deep sleep and an increased sympathetic outflow [192].”
BackgroundZhang, X., Sun, Y., Ye, S., Huang, Q., Zheng, R., Li, Z., Yu, F., Zhao, C., Zhang, M., Zhao, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11326 · Cited by 51
“64 The majority of these mechanisms are not exclusive to one another and could interact synergistically, which may ultimately affect cardiovascular health.”
Lipschitz, D. L., Kuhn, R., Kinney, A. Y., Grewen, K., Donaldson, G. W., & Nakamura, Y. (2015) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735415580675 · Cited by 47
“Sleep disturbance is a significant health problem in general, and is particularly so in cancer survivors, because of the role it may play in contributing to cancer occurrence and progression.(4) Developing effective treatments to improve sleep might also help reduce distress and associated emotional states and general…”
BackgroundIrwin, M. R., Bjurström, M. F., & Olmstead, R. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13300 · Cited by 46
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The Association Between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Sleep Quality: A Population-Based Study
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“Studies that have observed inconsistent relationships between inadequate sleep duration and respiratory infections did not consider the role of sleep quality or the influence of combined lifestyle behaviours (Irwin, 2015; Prather and Leung, 2016).”
Smith, T. J., Wilson, M. A., Karl, J. P., Orr, J. S., Smith, C. D., Cooper, A., Heaton, K. J., Young, A., & Montain, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00547.2017 · Cited by 48
“The effect is mediated by hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system activation (26), and characterized in part by decrements in natural killer cell activity and interleukin-2 production and increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines (12, 27, 58).”
BackgroundResultUrban noise restricts, fragments, and lightens sleep in Australian magpies
Connelly, F., Johnsson, R. D., Aulsebrook, A. E., Mulder, R. A., Hall, M. L., Vyssotski, A. L., & Lesku, J. A. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115484 · Cited by 45
“, 2017), immune system maintenance (Imeri and Opp, 2009; Irwin, 2015), learning and memory (Der egnaucourt et al.”
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“…hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis [65], abnormal modulation of the autonomic nervous system, increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity [66] increased systemic inflammation [63, 67], and increased atherogenesis [68, 69] underlie the association between insomnia and cardiovascular events.”
Insomnia, immunity, and infections in cancer patients: Results from a longitudinal study.
Ruel, S., Ivers, H., Savard, M., Gouin, J., Lemieux, J., Provencher, L., Caplette‐Gingras, A., Bastien, C., Morin, C. M., Couture, F., et al. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000811 · Cited by 46
Tsunematsu, T., Patel, A. A., Onken, A., & Sakata, S. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.52244 · Cited by 48
“…2005; Stickgold et al., 2001; Imeri and Opp, 2009; Liu and Dan, 2019; Rasch and Born, 2013; Tononi and Cirelli, 2014), the abnormalities in the sleep-wake cycle are associated with various diseases and disorders (Mander et al., 2017; Musiek and Holtzman, 2016; Irwin, 2015; Brown et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLight, Sleep and Performance in Diurnal Birds
Aulsebrook, A. E., Johnsson, R. D., & Lesku, J. A. (2021) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep3010008 · Cited by 45
“Such functions can relate to energy homeostasis [9,10], immune system maintenance [11,12], early brain development, memory processing and learning [13–17].”
BackgroundSleep deprivation predisposes allergic mice to neutrophilic lung inflammation
Nunes, J. O. F., Apostolico, J. D. S., Andrade, D. A. G., Ruiz, F. S., Fernandes, E. R., Andersen, M. L., Keller, A. C., & Rosa, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.025 · Cited by 43
Perlis, M. L., Pigeon, W. R., Grandner, M. A., Bishop, T. M., Riemann, D. W., Ellis, J. G., Teel, J., & Posner, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211014084 · Cited by 49
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in the Context of Cardiovascular Conditions
Conley, S., & Redeker, N. S. (2015) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-015-0019-7 · Cited by 42
Birditt, K. S., Sherman, C. W., Polenick, C. A., Becker, L., Webster, N. J., Ajrouch, K. J., & Antonucci, T. C. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby038 · Cited by 42
“Sleep is important to examine because poor sleep is associated with diminished physical and mental health (Irwin, 2015).”
BackgroundNgarka, L., Fodjo, J. N. S., Aly, E., Masocha, W., & NJAMNSHI, A. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.803475 · Cited by 46
Huang, J., Song, P., Hang, K., Chen, Z.-K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Qin, J., Wang, B., Qu, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.727959 · Cited by 43
Zhou, Z., Hui, E. S. K., Kranz, G. S., Chang, J. R., de Luca, K. E., Pinto, S. M., Chan, W. W. Y., Yau, S., Chau, B. K. H., Samartzis, D., et al. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101767 · Cited by 48
“It is widely believed that insomnia may heighten the risk of cognitive impairment by activating the inflammatory response and facilitating microglial activation (Irwin, 2015; Irwin et al., 2016; Irwin and Opp, 2017).”
BackgroundZhao, Q., Feng, Q., & Seow, W. J. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136507 · Cited by 42
Effect-size seed-based d mapping of resting-state fMRI for persistent insomnia disorder
Jiang, B., He, D., Guo, Z., & Gao, Z. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-02001-3 · Cited by 39
Prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbance in adult patients with psoriasis
Sahin, E., Hawro, M., Weller, K., Sabat, R., Philipp, S., Kokolakis, G., Christou, D., Metz, M., Maurer, M., & Hawro, T. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.17917 · Cited by 42
Insomnia symptoms are associated with elevated C-reactive protein in young adults
Slavish, D. C., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Engeland, C. G., Taylor, D. J., & Buxton, O. M. (2018) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1500577 · Cited by 41
“Elevated hyperarousal presumably involves frequent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, the by-products of which (e.g. cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) regulate both sleep and inflammation (see Irwin, 2015 for a review).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Irwin, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Irwin, Michael R.
- ORCID
- Irwin, Michael R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 143-172
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC4961463
- OpenAlex
- W2125158184
- Semantic Scholar
- d759f8bbeb16d0fa5077fc8d5439c63c7b49ee94
- Cited by
- 1,325
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 165 · 2025: 172 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 137 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG026364, R01AG034588)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL079955, R01HL095799)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA032922)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA160245, R01CA119159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep, sleep disorders, insomnia, sleep restriction, psychoneuroimmunology, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, antiviral immunity, vaccine response, infectious disease risk, pro-inflammatory response, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic nervous system, sleep interventions, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders
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