Cited by 821Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Therapy and Development

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Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment

Rapee, Ronald M., Schniering, Carolyn A., Hudson, Jennifer L.·2009·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628

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Abstract

The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the development and management of anxiety in children and adolescents. Consideration is given to limitations of this knowledge and directions for future research. The review begins with coverage of the development and demographic correlates of anxiety in young people and then moves to systematic discussion of some of the key etiological factors, including genetics, temperament, parenting, and individual experiences. The second part of the review describes current treatment strategies and efficacy as well as factors thought to influence treatment outcome, including treatment features, child factors, and parent factors. The review concludes with brief coverage of some more recent developments in treatment including alternative models of delivery and prevention strategies.

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Collateral Support: Involving Parents and Schools in Treatment for Youth Anxiety
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Factors affecting improvement of children and adolescents who were treated in the child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit
Demirgören, B. S., Özbek, A., & Gencer, Ö. (2017) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060517713833 · Cited by 8
“Parental psychopathology and/or high stress levels in the family are associated with poor outcomes.(24,25) Moreover, Blader et al.”
Background
Eclectic approach to anxiety disorders among rural children
Ahmadi, A., Mustaffa, M. S., Haghdoost, A. A., & Mansor, S. M. S. S. (2017) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0047 · Cited by 7
An experimental test of the impact of adolescent anxiety on parental sick role reinforcement behavior
Bilsky, S. A., Cloutier, R. M., Bynion, T., Feldner, M. T., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.009 · Cited by 7
Treating Speech Anxiety in Youth: A Randomized Controlled Microtrial Testing the Efficacy of Exposure Only Versus Exposure Combined With Anxiety Management Strategies
de Jong, R., Lommen, M. J. J., Timmerman, M. E., van Hout, W. J. P. J., Kuijpers, R., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.010 · Cited by 8
“Untreated, SA interferes with youths’ social, emotional, and academic development, and could lead to a variety of comorbid disorders and persistence into adulthood (Rapee et al., 2009).”
Background
Feasibility and acceptability of an enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy programme for parent–child dyads with anxiety disorders: a mixed-methods pilot trial protocol
Galea, S., Salvaris, C. A., Yap, M. B. H., Norton, P. J., & Lawrence, K. A. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00846-8 · Cited by 8
Outcome Findings and Issues in Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents: Internalizing Disorders
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A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY DISORDERS AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
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“Anxiety disorders have implications on a child’s school and home functioning with repercussions on the development.(6) A significant proportion of childhood anxiety disorders have a chronic course, and even last into adulthood.”
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Heritability of Anxious-Depressive and Withdrawn Behavior
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescents: Family History, Parental Distress, Rearing, and Accommodation
Lavell, C. H., Oar, E. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2025.2476189 · Cited by 6
“Adolescents’ perceptions of their caregiver’s overin-volvement/overprotectiveness was measured using the overprotectiveness subscale of a measure of anxious parenting (Rapee, 2009).”
Self-citation
Relationship between bedtime, nighttime sleep duration, and anxiety symptoms in preschoolers in China
Qiu, S.-Y., Yin, X., Yang, Y., Li, T., Lu, D., Li, J., Yang, W., Wen, G., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1290310 · Cited by 6
“Research suggests that anxiety symptoms have an early age of onset (Rapee et al., 2009).”
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Validation of the Preschool Anxiety Scale-Traditional Chinese (PAS-TC) in Hong Kong
Leung, G. S.-M., Yau, K.-C., & Yuen, S. Y. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9596-1 · Cited by 6
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
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Mood and neurotic disorders among youth with prenatal substance exposure: A longitudinal register-based cohort study
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Combining Dance/Movement Therapy with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treatment of Children with Anxiety Disorders: Factors Explaining Therapists' Attitudes
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“CBT has a number of observation-based protocols for treatment of ADs (e.g., Chorpita, 2007; Kendall & Hedtke, 2006; Rapee et al., 2009), which are fairly similar to each other but with different emphases.”
Background
Predictors of school-based cognitive behavior therapy outcome for youth with anxiety
Wergeland, G. J., Haaland, V. Ø., Fjermestad, K. W., Öst, L., Gjestad, R., Bjaastad, J. F., Hoffart, A., Husabø, E. B., Raknes, S., & Haugland, B. S. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104400 · Cited by 7
D-Cycloserine Augmented Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Preliminary Research
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“Estimates indicate that up to 5% of young people experience clinically severe anxiety at any one time (e.g., Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009) and these disorders have a moderate to high impact on a child’s functioning (Ezpeleta, Granero, de la Osa, & Guillamon, 2000).”
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The psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the preschool anxiety scale-revised (PAS-R)
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Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Dowell, T. L., Donovan, C. L., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-018-0136-2 · Cited by 6
“Most programs also include both childand parent-focused components to enhance generalisation andmaintenance of treatment gains [13, 14].”
Cognitive Predictors of Parental Rescue Behavior and Malleability of Behavior Using a Brief Psychoeducation Intervention
Francis, S. M. S., Tone, E. B., Caporino, N. E., Tully, E. C., & Cohen, L. L. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0843-3 · Cited by 6
Parent- and Child-Factors in Specific Phobias: The Interplay of Overprotection and Negative Affectivity
Capriola-Hall, N. N., Booker, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00662-3 · Cited by 6
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
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Self-citation
Protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials examining the effectiveness of early parenting interventions in preventing internalising problems in children and adolescents
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Exploring the Contribution of Parental Perceptions to Childhood Anxiety
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BackgroundInfluential
Parental Involvement in Infant Sleep Routines Predicts Differential Sleep Patterns in Children With and Without Anxiety Disorders
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Further Insights in the Etiology of Fear, Anxiety and Their Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Partial Fulfillment of a Prophecy
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The ventromedial prefrontal cortex in response to threat omission is associated with subsequent explicit safety memory
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Identifying multilevel predictors of trajectories of psychopathology and resilience among juvenile offenders: A machine learning approach
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“Age of onset of anxiety disorders has been found to vary across childhood and adolescence, for example, specific phobia in early to middle childhood and social phobia in early to middle adolescence (Rapee et al., 2009).”
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Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children and Adolescents
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Exploring the stress sensitization theory with temperamentally inhibited children: a population-based study
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“Rapee RM, Schniering CA, Hudson JL. Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: origins and treatment.”
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The role of parental anxiety symptoms in the treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder
Baartmans, J. M. D., van Steensel, F. J. A., Klein, A. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104157 · Cited by 9
Parent–adolescent reminiscing and youth psychopathology: A cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigation
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Authors: Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
ORCID: Rapee, Ronald M.
Schniering, Carolyn A.
Hudson, Jennifer L.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2009-04-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 311-341
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628
OpenAlex: W2167192006
Cited by: 821
References: 223
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 5.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords: childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, anxiety disorders, causes of anxiety, temperament, parenting, treatment outcomes, treatment efficacy, prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Bibliotherapy, Child, Humans, Life Change Events, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Temperament, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment

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