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Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Abstract
The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the development and management of anxiety in children and adolescents. Consideration is given to limitations of this knowledge and directions for future research. The review begins with coverage of the development and demographic correlates of anxiety in young people and then moves to systematic discussion of some of the key etiological factors, including genetics, temperament, parenting, and individual experiences. The second part of the review describes current treatment strategies and efficacy as well as factors thought to influence treatment outcome, including treatment features, child factors, and parent factors. The review concludes with brief coverage of some more recent developments in treatment including alternative models of delivery and prevention strategies.
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“Although it was once believed that rates of SAD peak in adolescence, prospective longitudinal studies are mixed in this regard and reveal elevation across both childhood and adolescence [38].”
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“have a major impact on their academic, social, and family functioning (Rapee et al., 2009 )”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as Rapee et al., 2009
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.007 · Cited by 848
Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30381-6 · Cited by 640
The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety
Vasey, M. W., Bosmans, G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_27 · Cited by 605
Rapee, R. M., Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Forbes, M. K., Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., & Richardson, C. E. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103501 · Cited by 533
Self-citationCraske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.24 · Cited by 652
Yap, M. B. H., & Jorm, A. F. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.050 · Cited by 474
“, inter-parental conflict) or can be detected early by parents (e.g., behavioural inhibition; Garber, 2006; Rapee et al., 2009; van Voorhees et al., 2008; Wood et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions.
Iverach, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003 · Cited by 337
The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder.
Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12009 · Cited by 347
Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety
Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., & Fox, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x · Cited by 347
“However , some work has suggested that phobias are seen in early to middle childhood, SP in early to middle adolescence, OCD in middle to late adolescence, PD in adulthood, and GAD throughout (Rapee et al., 2009).”
Pittig, A., Treanor, M., LeBeau, R. T., & Craske, M. G. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015 · Cited by 317
“A number of studies have shown that parents of anxious children are more likely to engage in overly intrusive, overprotecting, or controlling behaviors (see Rapee et al., 2009).”
InfluentialZwierzynska, K., Dieter Wolke, C., & Lereya, S. T. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9678-8 · Cited by 314
“Anxiety (Rapee et al. 2009) and externalizing problems (Wolff and Ollendick 2006) in childhood are potential precursors of depression.”
BackgroundLeigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5 · Cited by 260
“Family processes, and parenting processes in particular, are commonly agreed to be a contributory factor in the development and maintenance of child anxiety (Rapee et al. 2009).”
BackgroundAltering the Trajectory of Anxiety in At-Risk Young Children
Rapee, R. M., Kennedy, S. J., Ingram, M., Edwards, S. L., & Sweeney, L. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09111619 · Cited by 258
Self-citationAttentional bias towards threatening stimuli in children with anxiety: A meta-analysis
Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., & Hunt, C. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.007 · Cited by 247
“, 2007; Roza, Hofstra, Van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2003) and a number of functional and social impairments, both as a child and continuing into adulthood (Rapee, 2002; Rapee et al., 2009), and, as a result, investigation into the aetiology and maintenance of these disorders is”
BackgroundParent Training for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: The SPACE Program
Lebowitz, E. R., Omer, H., Hermes, H., & Scahill, L. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.004 · Cited by 247
Christina, S., Magson, N. R., Kakar, V., & Rapee, R. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101979 · Cited by 277
Self-citationHirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Masek, B., Henin, A., Blakely, L. R., Pollock-Wurman, R. A., McQuade, J., DePetrillo, L., Briesch, J., Ollendick, T. H., Rosenbaum, J. F., et al. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019055 · Cited by 240
Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8 · Cited by 233
Bryant, R. A., Edwards, B., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Steel, Z., Nickerson, A., McFarlane, A. C., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30051-3 · Cited by 251
“37 We also note that assessment of psychological health in diverse cultural groups is challenging.”
BackgroundNivard, M. G., Dolan, C. V., Kendler, K. S., Kan, K.-J., Willemsen, G., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Lindauer, R. J. L., van Beek, J. H. D. A., Geels, L. M., Bartels, M., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171400213x · Cited by 213
“2012), but effects were small and waned from around 15% explained variance in childhood to zero in adolescence and adulthood (Rapee et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEdwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Kennedy, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02160.x · Cited by 242
Self-citationMöller, E. L., Nikolić, M., Majdandžić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.002 · Cited by 242
“…anxiety (Bögels & Perotti, 2011; Bögels & Phares, 2008; Degnan, Almas, & Fox, 2010; DiBartolo & Helt, 2007; Drake & Ginsburg, 2012; Epkins & Heckler, 2011; Kiff, Lengua, & Zalewski, 2011; Murray et al., 2009; Rapee, 2012; Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009) were examined for additional studies.”
The Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms in Preschool-Aged Children: The Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., Kennedy, S. J., & Spence, S. H. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374411003691701 · Cited by 196
“Indeed the lack of age effects is consistent with minimal developmental changes in the prevalence of anxiety disorders shown in epidemiological studies (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationFamily Factors in the Development and Management of Anxiety Disorders
Rapee, R. M. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0106-3 · Cited by 194
Self-citationKennedy, S. J., Rapee, R. M., & Edwards, S. L. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819f6fa9 · Cited by 195
Self-citationPsychometric properties of the child anxiety life interference scale (CALIS)
Lyneham, H. J., Sburlati, E. S., Abbott, M. J., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Tolin, D. F., & Carlson, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.008 · Cited by 186
Self-citationHudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.007 · Cited by 176
Self-citationMuris, P., van Brakel, A. M. L., Arntz, A., & Schouten, E. (2011) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9365-8 · Cited by 181
Children who are anxious in silence: A review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5
Muris, P., & Ollendick, T. H. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0181-y · Cited by 180
Nolte, T., Guiney, J., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L. C., & Luyten, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055 · Cited by 210
“Such a high level of comorbidity within the anxiety disorders likely reflects both shared risk factors and common underlying fear processes maintaining the presentation (Rapee et al., 2009).”
Child Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Maniglio, R. (2013) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012470032 · Cited by 178
Rapee, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12048 · Cited by 187
“anxiety and depression (Garber, 2005; Rapee et al., 2009), the program was delivered to”
MethodSelf-citationAnxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P. C., Pine, D. S., & Waters, A. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376 · Cited by 227
Self-citationAnxiety in youth with asthma: a meta-analysis
Dudeney, J., Sharpe, L., Jaffe, A., Jones, E. B., & Hunt, C. (2017) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.23689 · Cited by 169
Gormez, V., Kılınçaslan, A., Orengul, A. C., Ebesutani, C., Kaya, I., Ceri, V., Nasıroglu, S., Filiz, M., & Chorpita, B. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1297494 · Cited by 171
“twice as big a risk as boys for experiencing anxiety disorders [37].”
BackgroundO'Neil, K. A., Conner, B. T., & Kendall, P. C. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.002 · Cited by 166
Ozsivadjian, A., Knott, F., & Magiati, I. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311431703 · Cited by 161
“5% and 5%, affecting twice as many girls as boys (Rapee et al., 2009) with cumulative prevalence rates indicating that 9.”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter
Iverach, L., Jones, M., McLellan, L. F., Lyneham, H. J., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., & Rapee, R. M. (2016) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.07.002 · Cited by 159
Self-citationHudson, J. L., Keers, R., Roberts, S., Coleman, J. R. I., Breen, G., Arendt, K., Bögels, S., Cooper, P., Creswell, C., Hartman, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.03.018 · Cited by 150
“Our research focuses on anxiety disorders, as these are the most prevalent mental disorders, and, when experienced early, are associated with increased risk of multiple disorders later in life.(1) Although CBT has been established as an efficacious treatment, roughly 40% of children retain their disorder after treatme…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHollocks, M. J., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Baird, G., Happé, F., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1361 · Cited by 150
Prospective links between social anxiety and adolescent peer relations
Tillfors, M., Persson, S., Willén, M., & Burk, W. J. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.008 · Cited by 165
Attention training towards positive stimuli in clinically anxious children
Waters, A. M., Pittaway, M., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Pine, D. S. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.004 · Cited by 135
Keers, R., Coleman, J. R. I., Lester, K. J., Roberts, S., Breen, G., Thastum, M., Bögels, S., Schneider, S., Heiervang, E., Meiser-Stedman, R., et al. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000444023 · Cited by 127
Self-citationMorgan, A. J., Rapee, R. M., Salim, A., Goharpey, N., Tamir, E., McLellan, L. F., & Bayer, J. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.010 · Cited by 146
“Temperamental inhibition has been identified as a central risk factor for anxiety and internalizing problems.(9) Inhibition is the tendency to avoid, withdraw, or respond fearfully to novelty and 10-15% of children are highly inhibited.”
BackgroundSelf-citationChildhood and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression: Beyond Heritability
Franić, S., Middeldorp, C. M., Dolan, C. V., Ligthart, L., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.013 · Cited by 131
Waters, A. M., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000779 · Cited by 126
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“Studies assessing the impact of gender and age on anxiety and depression have consistently shown that girls report higher levels of anxiety and depression than boys [11,21].”
BackgroundAnxiety of children and adolescents who stutter: A review
Smith, K. A., Iverach, L., O’Brian, S., Kefalianos, E., & Reilly, S. (2014) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.003 · Cited by 126
A randomized controlled trial of the cool teens CD-ROM computerized program for adolescent anxiety
Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., Cunningham, M. J., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.002 · Cited by 124
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs have demonstrated significant benefits in a number of controlled trials.(1,6-8) A qualitative review of 13 studies demonstrated that CBT resulted in a 56% remission rate versus 28.”
BackgroundSeeking more solitude: Conceptualization, assessment, and implications of aloneliness
Coplan, R. J., Hipson, W. E., Archbell, K. A., Ooi, L. L., Baldwin, D., & Bowker, J. C. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.020 · Cited by 138
Maternal Overcontrol and Child Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Perceived Competence
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“Anxiety is one of the most pervasive psychiatric problems experienced by children [1].”
Baribeau, D. A., Vigod, S. N., Pullenayegum, E., Kerns, C. M., Mirenda, P., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.478 · Cited by 118
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“Although our study did not reveal mean level gender differences in general anxiety symptoms in adolescence, girls’ increasing trajectory of symptoms during this period is consistent with findings that adolescent females continue to be more at risk for anxiety (Rapee et al. 2009).”
InfluentialCRHR1 genotypes, neural circuits and the diathesis for anxiety and depression
Rogers, J., Raveendran, M., Fawcett, G., Fox, A. S., Shelton, S., Oler, J., Cheverud, J. M., Muzny, D., Gibbs, R. A., Davidson, R. J., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.152 · Cited by 117
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Youth With Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Borquist-Conlon, D. S., Maynard, B. R., Brendel, K. E., & Farina, A. S. J. (2019) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516684961 · Cited by 111
Yap, M. B. H., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S., Kelly, C., & Jorm, A. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.017 · Cited by 116
“, marital conflict) or can be detected early by parents (e.g., behavioural inhibition; Garber, 2006; Rapee et al., 2009; van Voorhees et al., 2008; Wood et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAbbo, C., Kinyanda, E., Kizza, R. B., Levin, J. B., Ndyanabangi, S., & Stein, D. J. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-21 · Cited by 111
“At least one third of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders meet criteria for two or more anxiety disorders [11].”
BackgroundQuadra, G. R., Souza, H. D. O., Costa, R. D. S., & Fernandez, M. A. D. S. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7789-4 · Cited by 111
“However, in the 1990s, an explosion of research into anxiety occurred, especially with childhood and adolescence (Rapee et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPatterns of Comorbidity Among Girls With ADHD: A Meta-analysis
Tung, I., Li, J. J., Meza, J. I., Jezior, K. L., Kianmahd, J. S. V., Hentschel, P. G., O’Neil, P. M., & Lee, S. S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0430 · Cited by 108
Association between attention bias to threat and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents
Abend, R., de Voogd, E. L., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Fitzgerald, A., White, L. K., Salum, G. A., He, J., Silverman, W. K., et al. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22706 · Cited by 109
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Trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in autism from late childhood to adulthood
McCauley, J. B., Elias, R., & Lord, C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000826 · Cited by 105
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“Childhood anxiety also has a marked impact on family functioning, to an even greater extent than other social environments [7].”
BackgroundGörmez, V., Kılınçaslan, A., Ebesutani, C. K., Örengül, A. C., Kaya, İ., Çeri, V., Nasıroğlu, S., Filiz, M., & Chorpita, B. F. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0716-1 · Cited by 105
“Our findings regarding the association of gender with levels of anxiety and depression are generally in line with that of previous research [4, 66].”
ResultRoberts, S., Lester, K. J., Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Cooper, P. J., Thirlwall, K. J., Coleman, J. R. I., Breen, G., Wong, C. C. Y., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.83 · Cited by 118
Self-citationTemperament and Family Environment in the Development of Anxiety Disorder: Two-Year Follow-up
Hudson, J. L., Dodd, H. F., Lyneham, H. J., & Bovopoulous, N. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.009 · Cited by 98
“Indeed, extensive research has reported hat family factors such as parenting, attachent, and parental psychopathology, play a ole in the etiology of child anxiety.(10,11) The resent research examines the role of BI and hese family environment factors in the develpment of anxiety between 4 and 6 years of ge.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTranslational research to prevent internalizing problems early in childhood
Bayer, J. K., Rapee, R. M., Hiscock, H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Mihalopoulos, C., & Wake, M. A. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20743 · Cited by 97
“Parallel literature for internalizing problems is more recent.[33,53] Similarly, empirical studies indicate that young children are more likely to develop internalizing 51 Review: Early Prevention of Internalizing Problems”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreschool predictors of childhood anxiety disorders: a prospective community study
Wichstrøm, L., Belsky, J., & Berg‐Nielsen, T. S. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12116 · Cited by 122
“Two types of parenting, conceptualized in our model as proximal factors, are associated with anxiety in children, namely, an overprotective/overcontrolling style and a hostile/negativistic one (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundElevated social anxiety among early maturing girls.
Blumenthal, H., Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Babson, K. A., Gahr, J. L., Trainor, C. D., & Frala, J. L. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024008 · Cited by 104
Predictors of clinician use of exposure therapy in community mental health settings
Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Okamura, K. H., Wolk, C. B., Rubin, R. M., Evans, A. C., & Beidas, R. S. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.002 · Cited by 102
Muris, P., van Zwol, L., Huijding, J., & Mayer, B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.001 · Cited by 94
Dougherty, L. R., Tolep, M. R., Bufferd, S. J., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M. W., Traditi, J., Rose, S., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759225 · Cited by 112
“A substantial body of research has supported the familial aggregation of anxiety disorders (for reviews, see Beesdo et al., 2009; Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAcademic Impairment and Impact of Treatments Among Youth with Anxiety Disorders
Nail, J. E., Christofferson, J. L., Ginsburg, G. S., Drake, K. L., Kendall, P. C., McCracken, J. T., Birmaher, B. B., Walkup, J. T., Compton, S. N., Keeton, C. P., et al. (2014) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-014-9290-x · Cited by 95
Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: The TRAILS study
van Oort, F. V. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20818 · Cited by 100
“[29] Little consensus exists regarding the socioeconomic situation of the family as a risk factor for anxiety.[9,18,21,30] Finally, peer factors can form a risk for anxiety.”
BackgroundColonnesi, C., Nikolić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0206-0 · Cited by 94
“…research shows that the percentage of people considering themselves shy is consistently higher than the percentage of people meeting the criteria for social anxiety disorder (Burstein et al. 2011; Chavira et al. 2002; Costello et al. 2003; Ford et al. 2003; Heiser et al. 2003; Rapee et al. 2009).”
BackgroundRapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., Kangas, M., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.002 · Cited by 92
“Childhood anxiety disorders can be treated with good success using medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) programs.(1) For the latter, around 50% to 60% of children are free of their presenting anxiety disorder immediately after treatment, increasing to around 65% at follow-up.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWaters, A. M., & Pine, D. S. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12522 · Cited by 92
Hannigan, L. J., Walaker, N., Waszczuk, M. A., McAdams, T. A., & Eley, T. C. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.038315 · Cited by 91
Sburlati, E. S., Schniering, C. A., Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0083-6 · Cited by 94
Self-citationMousavi, S. E., Low, W. Y., & Hashim, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0393-x · Cited by 90
“of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (Chorpita and Barlow 1998; Hudson and Rapee 2004; Rapee et al. 2009), and these models are supported by numerous”
BackgroundRemmerswaal, D., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.008 · Cited by 85
Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01066 · Cited by 88
“…but should include exposure techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy as is done in treatment of anxiety disorders (Cartwright-Hatton et al., 2004; Compton et al., 2004; Rapee et al., 2009; Davis et al., Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 13 June 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 1066 2011).”
MethodAnnual Research Review: Developmental considerations of gene by environment interactions
Lenroot, R., & Giedd, J. N. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02381.x · Cited by 85
Prospective Association between Childhood Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety: a Meta-Analysis
Sandstrom, A., Uher, R., & Pavlova, B. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00588-5 · Cited by 134
Waters, A. M., & Craske, M. G. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.008 · Cited by 92
Waters, A. M., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Craske, M. G., Pine, D. S., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.005 · Cited by 80
Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Wuthrich, V., Chatterton, M. L., Hudson, J. L., Kangas, M., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.08.001 · Cited by 81
Self-citationThe Utility of Clinicians Ratings of Anxiety Using the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS)
Ginsburg, G. S., Keeton, C. P., Drazdowski, T. K., & Riddle, M. A. (2010) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-010-9125-3 · Cited by 81
Higgins, E., & O’Sullivan, S. (2015) · Educational Psychology in Practice · doi:10.1080/02667363.2015.1086977 · Cited by 79
Ostlund, B. D., Measelle, J. R., Laurent, H. K., Conradt, E. D., & Ablow, J. C. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21448 · Cited by 80
“This finding is not unexpected given the known behavioral correlates of anxiety, particularly maternal hypervigilance or alertness (Beebe et al., 2011; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Hudson, J. L., Newall, C., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Schneider, S. C., Seeley-Wait, E., Edwards, S., & Gar, N. S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.807734 · Cited by 79
“This finding was consistent across posttreatment and 6-month follow-up, and reflects the elevated risk for child anxiety by having an anxious parent (Rapee et al., 2009).”
ResultSelf-citationBishop, C., Mulraney, M., Rinehart, N., & Sciberras, E. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.039 · Cited by 79
Precursors and Correlates of Anxiety Trajectories From Late Childhood to Late Adolescence
Letcher, P., Sanson, A. V., Smart, D., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.680189 · Cited by 81
“In addition, there has been a lack of consideration of precursors from different ecological domains within the one study, despite there being theoretical and empirical support for the interplay of influences from individual, family, social, and environmental domains in the development of anxiety (see, e.g., Albano et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClayborne, Z. M., Kingsbury, M. K., Sampasa-Kinyaga, H., Sikora, L., Lalande, K. M., & Colman, I. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01956-z · Cited by 95
“Efforts to both prevent and treat depression and anxiety in adolescents often identify the family unit as an important target for intervention [10, 11], because a number of significant and potentially modifiable risk factors involve parents or the broader home environment.”
BackgroundEsbjørn, B. H., Pedersen, S. H., Daniel, S. I. F., Hald, H. H., Holm, J. M., & Steele, H. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12024 · Cited by 75
“That psychopathology in parents was associated with anxiety in the child was an expected finding, as a moderate heritability from parent to child is well established (e.g., see review by Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundCardamone-Breen, M. C., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K. A., Rapee, R. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Yap, M. B. H. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9499 · Cited by 75
“The development of these disorders is multifaceted and influenced by many factors other than parenting (eg, gender, genetic predisposition, parent psychopathology, early-life events, and socioeconomic factors [10,93-95]), as well as interactions among these factors [93,95].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLebowitz, E. R., Scharfstein, L. A., & Jones, J. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0491-1 · Cited by 76
“Despite strong evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety disorders, up to 50 % of children remain symptomatic after treatment [2, 4].”
BackgroundJarrett, M. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027123 · Cited by 75
Developmental and Psychosocial Issues in Cystic Fibrosis
Ernst, M. M., Johnson, M. C., & Stark, L. J. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2010.01.004 · Cited by 84
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0345-7 · Cited by 73
“Childhood anxiety is one of the most common psychological conditions, and is associated with difficulties in social and academic settings as well as later depression [1, 2].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-04-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 311-341
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W2167192006
- Cited by
- 821
- References
- 223
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, anxiety disorders, causes of anxiety, temperament, parenting, treatment outcomes, treatment efficacy, prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Bibliotherapy, Child, Humans, Life Change Events, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Temperament, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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