Cited by 821Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Therapy and Development

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Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment

Rapee, Ronald M., Schniering, Carolyn A., Hudson, Jennifer L.·2009·Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628

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Abstract

The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the development and management of anxiety in children and adolescents. Consideration is given to limitations of this knowledge and directions for future research. The review begins with coverage of the development and demographic correlates of anxiety in young people and then moves to systematic discussion of some of the key etiological factors, including genetics, temperament, parenting, and individual experiences. The second part of the review describes current treatment strategies and efficacy as well as factors thought to influence treatment outcome, including treatment features, child factors, and parent factors. The review concludes with brief coverage of some more recent developments in treatment including alternative models of delivery and prevention strategies.

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“Anxiety disorders (AD) are the most common mental disorders in childhood and adolescence (Kessler et al., 2012), which are the core risk phases for developing AD (Beesdo et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 2012; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Background
Children’s Social-Emotional Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protective Effects of the Quality of Children’s Home and Preschool Learning Environments
Oppermann, E., Blaurock, S., Zander, L., & Anders, Y. (2024) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2024.2360877 · Cited by 30
“Research demonstrates that effective interventions, such as parenting interventions (Rapee et al., 2009), can have a long-term positive impact on children’s developmental outcomes.”
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“To complicate further, mental health problems often develop and emerge during adolescence in the form of anxiety symptoms and disorders (Adkins et al. 2009; Beesdo, Knappe, and Pine 2009; Kessler et al. 2005; Merikangas et al. 2010; Rapee, Schniering, and Hudson 2009).”
Background
Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for young adults with anxiety disorders: A pilot effectiveness study
Silfvernagel, K., Wassermann, C., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.03.002 · Cited by 21
“It is known that anxiety disorders in children and adolescents rarely occur in isolation (Rapee et al., 2009).”
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When Time is of the Essence: A Rationale for ‘Earlier’ Early Intervention
Barrett, P. M. (2014) · Journal of Psychological Abnormalities in Children · doi:10.4172/2329-9525.1000133 · Cited by 23
“Once maladaptive emotional and behavioral patterns develop, they often lead to significant impairment and, when untreated, typically exhibit a chronic and unremitting course [10,11].”
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Parental Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Responses to Youth Negative Affect
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“These problems, which include generalized symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood, are moderately heritable [see reviews by Rice et al. 2002 (depression); Rapee et al. 2009 (anxiety)] and tend to emerge early in development (Kovacs & Devlin, 1998; Kessler et al. 2005).”
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On a continuum to anxiety disorders: Adolescents at parental risk for anxiety show smaller rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula thickness
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“anxiety is seen in 3%–5% of typically developing children [13],”
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How the Emotional Environment Shapes the Emotional Life of the Child
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“But, interventions that target the caregivers have been effective in reducing childhood emotional problems as well (e.g., Rapee et al., 2009).”
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Students with Anxiety: Implications for Professional School Counselors
Thompson, E. H., Robertson, P. M., Curtis, R., & Frick, M. H. (2013) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/psc.n.2013-16.222 · Cited by 28
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“However, typical presentation of symptoms of multiple domains complicates diagnosis, treatment, and clinical research (Cummings et al., 2014; Cuthbert & Insel, 2013; Hofmann & Hayes, 2019; Kotov et al., 2017; Krueger, 1999; Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009).”
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Casline, E. P., Ginsburg, G. S., Piacentini, J. C., Compton, S. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00711-x · Cited by 22
“Youth with anxiety disorders have been found to experience a greater number of NLEs prior to disorder onset, regardless of comorbidities (Allen & Rapee, 2009; Allen, Rapee, & Sandberg, 2008; Boer et al., 2002; Gothelf, Aharonovsky, Horesh, Carty, & Apter, 2004).”
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Prenatal Maternal Distress: A Risk Factor for Child Anxiety?
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Background
Treating child anxiety using family-based internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy with brief therapist guidance: A randomized controlled trial
McLellan, L. F., Woon, S., Hudson, J. L., Lyneham, H. J., Karin, E., & Rapee, R. M. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102802 · Cited by 22
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Role of Temperament, Parenting Behaviors, and Stress on Turkish Preschoolers’ Internalizing Symptoms
Yavuz, H. M., Selçuk, B., Çorapçı, F., & Aksan, N. S. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12192 · Cited by 17
“Both findings were similar to those reported in Western samples regarding fearfulness (e.g. Karreman et al., 2010; Rapee et al., 2009), and positive affectivity (e.g., Dougherty et al., 2010; Zhou, 2009), indicating cross-cultural similarities in temperament-internalizing associations.”
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Developmental expression of anxiety and depressive behaviours after prenatal predator exposure and early life homecage enhancement
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Mascolo, M. F., van Geert, P. L. C., Steenbeek, H., & Fischer, K. W. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy115 · Cited by 18
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“Indeed, prior studies have shown that anxiety disorders are one of the earliest occurring psychopathologies with consistent prevalence rates over development and moderate to strong homotypic continuity within anxiety disorders (Fitzgerald & Taylor, 2015; Rapee et al., 2009).”
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Bourdon, J. L., Savage, J. E., Verhulst, B., Carney, D. M., Brotman, M. A., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., Roberson‐Nay, R., & Hettema, J. M. (2019) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2018.73 · Cited by 18
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Parents’ Personality-Disorder Symptoms Predict Children’s Symptoms of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders – a Prospective Cohort Study
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“A key symptom of anxiety disorders is avoidance of the threatening stimulus or situation, which increases an individual’s functional impairment (Rapee et al., 2009).”
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An Introduction to the Study of Information Processing Biases in Childhood Anxiety: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
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“Anxiety disorders is a common mental problem among youth and adolescents [42].”
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Examination and validation of a measure of anxiety specific to children with autism spectrum disorders
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Fathers’ Parenting Behaviors and Malaysian Adolescents’ Anxiety
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“This finding is consistent with the idea that parental monitoring behaviors are a strong predictor of adolescents’ maladjustment outcomes (Chao, 2011; Grusec & Goodnow, 1994; Rapee et al., 2009).”
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Community Screening for Preschool Child Inhibition to Offer the ‘Cool Little Kids’ Anxiety Prevention Programme
Beatson, R. M., Bayer, J. K., Perry, A., Mathers, M., Hiscock, H., Wake, M. A., Beesley, K., & Rapee, R. M. (2014) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1863 · Cited by 15
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Disorder‐specific versus generic cognitive‐behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children and young people: a systematic narrative review of evidence for the effectiveness of disorder‐specific CBT compared with the disorder‐generic treatment, Coping Cat
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“However, symptoms may be present for long periods before impairment becomes apparent and in fact, anxiety disorders are commonly preceded by similar temperamental expression [53].”
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Social anxiety and perceptions of likeability by peers in children
Baartmans, J. M. D., van Steensel, F. J. A., Mobach, L., Lansu, T. A. M., Bijsterbosch, G., Verpaalen, I. A. M., Rapee, R. M., Magson, N. R., Bögels, S. M., Rinck, M., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12324 · Cited by 22
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Anxious solitude/withdrawal and anxiety disorders: Conceptualization, co-occurrence, and peer processes leading toward and away from disorder in childhood
Gazelle, H. (2010) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.263 · Cited by 15
“Nonetheless, it is within the estimates from epidemiological studies of the prevalence of SAD in childhood (ranging from 1.5 to 5%, see also Chapters 2 and 4, Costello & Angold, 1995; Rapee et al., 2009; Shaffer, Fisher, Dulcan, New Dir Child Adolesc Dev.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social intelligence and pathological gaming: a longitudinal study of the associations among negative emotions, social intelligence, aggression, and pathological gaming in adolescents
Lee, S. J., Jeong, E. J., Choi, J. I., & Park, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353969 · Cited by 14
The role of behavioral inhibition, perceived parental rearing, and adverse life events in adolescents and young adults with incident obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hofer, P. D., Wahl, K., Meyer, A. H., Miché, M., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Wïttchen, H., & Lieb, R. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.10.003 · Cited by 14
Combining CBT and sertraline does not enhance outcomes for anxious youth: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Hudson, J. L., McLellan, L. F., Eapen, V., Rapee, R. M., Wuthrich, V. M., & Lyneham, H. J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003329 · Cited by 15
“Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents and predict increased risk for mental disorders across the lifespan (Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009).”
Self-citation
The ecology of youth psychological wellbeing in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Salmon, K. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.11.002 · Cited by 15
Paternal Feelings and Child’s Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Father–Child Insecure Attachment and Child’s Emotional Regulation
Shenaar‐Golan, V., Yatzkar, U., & Yaffe, Y. (2021) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883211067103 · Cited by 26
“…internal distress, ADs are associated with impairment in psychosocial functioning and academic performance (Mychailyszyn et al., 2010; Sahithya & Raman, 2021) as well as increased risk for later types of psychopathology, particularly clinical depression (Bittner et al., 2007; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Background
Developing Partnerships in the Provision of Youth Mental Health Services and Clinical Education: A School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Targeting Anxiety Symptoms in Children
Waters, A. M., Groth, T. A., Sanders, M., O'Brien, R., & Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.07.003 · Cited by 17
Wie wirksam ist ein begleitendes Elterntraining in der Prävention von Angst und Depression bei Kindern?
Eimecke, S. D., Pauschardt, J., & Mattejat, F. (2010) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000319534 · Cited by 15
Three-and-a-Half-Factor Model? The Genetic and Environmental Structure of the CBCL/6–18 Internalizing Grouping
Franić, S., Dolan, C. V., Borsboom, D., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-013-9628-4 · Cited by 14
Les programmes préventifs en milieu scolaire auprès des enfants et des adolescents présentant de l’anxiété
Turgeon, L., & Gosselin, M.-J. (2016) · Éducation et francophonie · doi:10.7202/1034484ar · Cited by 23
Correlates of Anxiety in 6- to 8-Year-Old Children With ADHD: A Community-Based Study
Mulraney, M., Schilpzand, E. J., Anderson, V. A., Nicholson, J. M., Efron, D., Hazell, P., & Sciberras, E. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716638510 · Cited by 14
“Within the general pediatric literature, studies consistently report that girls are at greater risk for anxiety than boys (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Achievement-oriented and dependency-oriented parental psychological control: An examination of specificity to middle childhood achievement and dependency-related problems
Rousseau, S., Scharf, M., & Smith, Y. (2016) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1265501 · Cited by 16
“Children’s age and gender might relate to their anxiety (Rapee et al., 2009; Weems, 2008), achievement-related problems (Bugler, McGeown, & St Clair-Thompson, 2015), and parenting practices (Collins et al., 2005; Leaper, 2005), and therefore this study controls for age and gender.”
Background
Spanish Validation of the Child Anxiety Life Interference Scale (CALIS-C): Psychometric Properties, Factorial Structure and Factorial Invariance Across Gender
Orgilés, M., Fernández‐Martínez, I., Morales, A., Melero, S., & Espada, J. P. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00879-4 · Cited by 16
Early Intervention in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: The First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program
Osuch, E. A., Vingilis, E. R., Fisman, S., & Summerhurst, C. (2016) · Healthcare Quarterly · doi:10.12927/hcq.2016.24481 · Cited by 14
“Mood and anxiety disorders caught early are treatable with psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, even though they often recur (Perry et al. 1999; Morriss et al. 2007; March et al. 2009; Rapee et al. 2009).”
Background
Familial and temperamental risk factors for social anxiety disorder
Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R. (2010) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.262 · Cited by 14
Relations Among Anxious Solitude, Peer Exclusion, and Maternal Overcontrol from 3rd Through 7th Grade: Peer Effects on Youth, Youth Evocative Effects on Mothering, and the Indirect Effect of Peers on Mothering via Youth
Gazelle, H., & Cui, M. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00685-w · Cited by 12
“When concerned mothers seek treatment for their anxious solitary children, most existing treatments for child anxiety have a focus on lessening parental overcontrol and facilitating social exposure (Rapee et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Potential mechanisms of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety: A meta‐analysis
Luo, A., & McAloon, J. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23116 · Cited by 17
Preventing anxiety problems in children with Cool Little Kids Online: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Morgan, A. J., Rapee, R. M., Tamir, E., Goharpey, N., Salim, A., McLellan, L. F., & Bayer, J. K. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1022-5 · Cited by 14
“elling of anxious thoughts and behaviour [13, 14].”
Self-citation
Validation of the Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale in Middle Childhood
Scharf, M., Rousseau, S., & Smith, Y. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0286-4 · Cited by 13
Concomitants and outcomes of anxiety in Chinese kindergarteners: A one-year longitudinal study
Zhu, J., Ooi, L. L., Li, Y., Coplan, R. J., Xie, Q., Zhang, Y., & Xu, P. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.006 · Cited by 14
“Given the considerable overlap and similarities in the factors implicated in the development of different subtypes of anxiety (Rapee et al., 2009), we review these factors as contributors to the development of child anxiety symptoms in general.”
Background
Pilot study of acupuncture to treat anxiety in children and adolescents
Leung, B. M. Y., Takeda, W., & Holec, V. (2018) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13910 · Cited by 15
A Longitudinal Study on the Relations Among Fear-Enhancing Parenting, Cognitive Biases, and Anxiety Symptoms in Non-clinical Children
Fliek, L., Roelofs, J., van Breukelen, G., & Muris, P. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00868-7 · Cited by 14
Are Socially Anxious Children Really Less Liked, or Do They Only Think So?
Baartmans, J. M. D., Rinck, M., Hudson, J. L., Lansu, T. A. M., van Niekerk, R. E., Bögels, S. M., & Klein, A. M. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10028-9 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Cognitive Bias Modification Training in Adolescents: Persistence of Training Effects
Belli, S. R., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9627-7 · Cited by 14
A review of the phenomenology, aetiology and treatment of animal phobia and insights for biophobia
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The Importance of Practicing at Home During and Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Conceptual Review and New Directions to Enhance Homework Using Mhealth Technology
Klein, A., Hagen, A., Mobach, L., Zimmermann, R., Baartmans, J. M. D., Rahemenia, J., de Gier, E., Schneider, S., & Ollendick, T. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00476-5 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, untreated childhood anxiety disorders are frequently associated with impairments in academic and social-emotional functioning and an increased risk of developing other psychopathology in adulthood (de Vries et al., 2019; Lieb et al., 2016; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Background
Eye-tracking to assess anxiety-related attentional biases among a large sample of preadolescent children
Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Waters, A. M., Fardouly, J., Forbes, M. K., Magson, N. R., Richardson, C. E., & Rapee, R. M. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104079 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Mindful Parenting Group Intervention for Parents of Children with Anxiety Disorders
Farley, R., de Diaz, N. A. N., Emerson, L., Simcock, G. P., Donovan, C. L., & Farrell, L. J. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01492-2 · Cited by 18
Parental Involvement in Intensive Treatment for Adolescent Panic Disorder and Its Impact on Depression
Hardway, C. L., Pincus, D. B., Gallo, K. P., & Comer, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0133-7 · Cited by 13
“Additionally, we were unaware of any studies that included a full range adolescent ages (both older and younger) in treatment of PD, despite the fact that reviewers of such research have suggested that the age of the participant might moderate the effectiveness of parental involvement in therapy (Rapee et al. 2009).”
Psychometric Properties of the Children’s Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) in Chinese Adolescents
Sun, L., Rapee, R. M., Tao, X., Yan, Y., Wang, S., Xu, W., & Wang, J. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0500-4 · Cited by 11
“At present, most of our knowledge about the specificity of cognitive appraisals among adolescents’ emotional and behavioral problems has come from studies conducted in Western countries [17–19].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Internalizing and externalizing problems in immigrant boys and girls
Paalman, C. H., van Domburgh, L., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., van de Ven, P. M., Branje, S., Frijns, T., Meeus, W., Koot, H. M., van Lier, P. A. C., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414538554 · Cited by 12
“…common disorders in the general population and are likely to co-occur with externalizing problems (Bubier & Drabick, 2009; Costello et al., 2003; Rapee, Schniering, & Hudson, 2009; van Oort, Ormel, & Verhulst, 2012), we will compare strength of associations between depression, generalized…”
Threat Interpretation Bias in Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining Maternal Influences
Farrell, L. J., Hourigan, D., Waters, A. M., & Harrington, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.230 · Cited by 12
The progress cascading model: A scalable model for teaching and mentoring graduate trainees in exposure therapy
Balkhi, A. M., Reid, A. M., Guzick, A. G., Geffken, G. R., & McNamara, J. P. H. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.02.005 · Cited by 12
Investigating Unique Environmental Influences of Parenting Practices on Youth Anxiety
Chen, J., Yu, J., & Zhang, J. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025415611261 · Cited by 12
Anxiety-Proneness, Anxiety Symptoms, and The Role of Parental Overprotection in Young South African Children
Howard, M., Muris, P., Loxton, H., & Wege, A. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0545-z · Cited by 16
“Fear, anxiety, and their disorders are among the most common types of psychopathology among children and adolescents in Western countries (Rapee et al. 2009).”
Background
d-Cycloserine does not enhance the effects of in vivo exposure among young people with broad-based anxiety disorders
Rapee, R. M., Jones, M. P., Hudson, J. L., Malhi, G. S., Lyneham, H. J., & Schneider, S. C. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.004 · Cited by 14
“Despite the fact that the origins of broad-based anxieties are not completely understood and are likely multi-faceted (Rapee et al., 2009), the reduction of clinical fears is likely to”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Predicting outcomes for anxious children receiving group cognitive‐behavioural therapy: Does the type of anxiety diagnosis make a difference?
Waters, A. M., Groth, T. A., Purkis, H. M., & Alston‐Knox, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12128 · Cited by 14
Feasibility and Acceptability of a Toolkit to Facilitate Clinician Use of Exposure Therapy for Youth
Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Franklin, M. E., Bodie, J., & Beidas, R. S. (2017) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1383867 · Cited by 15
Predicting risk and protective factors of generalized anxiety disorder: a comparative study among adolescents in Ghana
Ahulu, L. D., Gyasi-Gyamerah, A. A., & Anum, A. (2019) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1698440 · Cited by 12
Cool Little Kids translational trial to prevent internalising: two‐year outcomes and prediction of parent engagement
Bayer, J. K., Prendergast, L. A., Brown, A. M., Harris, L., Bretherton, L., Hiscock, H., Beatson, R. M., Mihalopoulos, C., & Rapee, R. M. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12420 · Cited by 14
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Evaluation of a transdiagnostic treatment for adolescents with comorbid anxiety and depression
Schniering, C. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100026 · Cited by 13
Self-citation

Authors: Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
ORCID: Rapee, Ronald M.
Schniering, Carolyn A.
Hudson, Jennifer L.
Venue: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2009-04-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 311-341
ISSN: 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
1548-5951
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628
OpenAlex: W2167192006
Cited by: 821
References: 223
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 5.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
Keywords: childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, anxiety disorders, causes of anxiety, temperament, parenting, treatment outcomes, treatment efficacy, prevention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Bibliotherapy, Child, Humans, Life Change Events, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Temperament, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment

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