The DOI matches its Crossref record; 227 of the 227 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anxiety Disorders During Childhood and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment
Abstract
The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the development and management of anxiety in children and adolescents. Consideration is given to limitations of this knowledge and directions for future research. The review begins with coverage of the development and demographic correlates of anxiety in young people and then moves to systematic discussion of some of the key etiological factors, including genetics, temperament, parenting, and individual experiences. The second part of the review describes current treatment strategies and efficacy as well as factors thought to influence treatment outcome, including treatment features, child factors, and parent factors. The review concludes with brief coverage of some more recent developments in treatment including alternative models of delivery and prevention strategies.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although it was once believed that rates of SAD peak in adolescence, prospective longitudinal studies are mixed in this regard and reveal elevation across both childhood and adolescence [38].”
In the citing paper
“have a major impact on their academic, social, and family functioning (Rapee et al., 2009 )”
From Child- and Parent-Report Measures of Behavioral Avoidance (CAMS/CAMP): Portuguese Validation in Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples. (2024) · cites this paper as Rapee et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333
Gartstein, M. A., & Desmarais, E. (2016) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483340333.n409 · Cited by 2,185
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424 · Cited by 1,872
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56 · Cited by 1,753
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., DULCAN, M. K., DAVIES, M., PIACENTINI, J., SCHWAB-STONE, M. E., LAHEY, B. B., BOURDON, K., JENSEN, P. S., BIRD, H. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00012 · Cited by 1,587
A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1568 · Cited by 1,563
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.133 · Cited by 1,547
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- 10.1037//0022-006X.64.2.333 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0022-006X.69.4.597 · DOI
- Berman S, 2000, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 64, 333
- 10.1037//0033-2909.124.1.3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0021-843X.100.3.316 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0022-006X.67.1.145 · DOI
- Engfer A, 1993, Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Children, 49
- James A, 2005, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 4, 1
- 10.1037//0022-006X.66.1.19 · DOI
- 10.1037//0022-006X.62.1.100 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0022-006X.65.3.366 · DOI · Paper page
- Kendall PC, 2006, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual
- 10.1037//0022-006X.60.6.904 · DOI
- Rapee RM, 2006, The Cool Kids® Child and Adolescent Anxiety Program Therapist Manual
- 10.1080/016502596385532 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 819
Sapotichne, B. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
A Longitudinal Examination of Anxiety across Childhood and Adolescence
Zerr, A. A. (2012)
Alvaro, P. K. (2014) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Faucher, J. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4933
“…thoughts (Leahy & Holland, 2000; Rapee, Gaston, & Abbott, 2009), particularly more about the impressions they are making, underestimating their social performance, and overestimating the visibility of their anxiety symptoms (Damer, Latimer, & Porter, 2010; Moscovitch, 2009; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Mikael Thastum, A., & Irene Lundkvist-houndoumadi, A. (2013)
Gavin, A. (2015) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · doi:10.24385/lincoln.24327907
Riley, M. R. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
Birrell, L. (2013) · Massey Research Online (Massey University)
Gomes, D. A. G., Badaró, A. C., & Lourenço, L. M. (2014) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
Baker, H. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0167124
“Further, research exploring the development and presentation of GAD in children and youth is often inconsistent (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNoel, M. E. (2012) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Rapee, R. M. (2013)
Self-citationFard, Z. G., Schneider, S. C., Hudson, J. L., Habibi, M., Pooravari, M., & Heidari, H. (2014)
Self-citationThe role of temperament in symptoms of depression and anxiety among children and adolescents
Zilber, I. (2015) · doi:10.7282/t34f1sms
“The strongest comorbid relationship between anxiety and other forms of psychopathology exists between anxiety and depression (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialScott, M. (2014) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
ریاحی, م., Malekitabar, M., & Mohammad, K. (2015) · Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
TROUBLES ANXIEUX CHEZ L'ENFANT ET L'ADOLESCENT NATURE, DEVELOPPEMENT, TRAITEMENT ET PREVENTION
Rapee, R. M. (2012)
Self-citationDissemination of Child Anxiety Psychotherapy: The Next Frontier
Storch, E. A., & de Avila, D. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.30.3.149
Anxiety-Related Disorders in Primary-Junior Grades (K-3): Teacher Perceptions and Knowledge
Lancia, G. (2013) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
The Effectiveness of Animal-Assisted Interventions in Reducing Student Anxiety in School Settings
Staples, E. (2017) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota)
Parent-Child and Sibling Relational Problems
Linscott, J. G., & Leve, L. D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57196-6_29
McKenzie, S. A. (2017) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)
Glazier, J. (2017) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26707
Hosan, N. E. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3z60cg2d
Leclerc, J. B., Rengade, C., & Clément, C. (2018) · Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive · doi:10.1016/j.jtcc.2018.06.010
Chapitre 11. Les problèmes internalisés : la dépression et l’anxiété à l’adolescence
Marcotte, D. (2014) · Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pum.5193
Exploring experiences of motherhood: mothers' angst, love and resilience
Rosenberg, J. (2018) · City Research Online (City University London)
Bechor, M. (2018) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc006912
Holmes, M. C. (2014) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/1798
Fliek (2020) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20200124lf
Fear and missing out : internet-treatment for social anxiety disorder in youth
Nordh, M. (2020) · Figshare
Xiao, B. (2020) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-14083
Portuguese validation of the Separation Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC)
Sousa‐Rodrigues, M. F., Espada, J. P., Gonzálvez, M. T., & Orgilés, M. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22428
Treating broad-based anxiety problems
Newall, C., Dodd, H. F., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139344456.021
Self-citationBerg, M. (2021) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-173553
“Other common techniques to manage fear are relaxation, coping with thoughts, and attention focus training (Rapee et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAnxiety Disorder Symptoms in Chinese Preschool Children
Zhao, M. W. (2015)
Le mutisme sélectif : mieux comprendre pour mieux accompagner
Zebdi, R. (2021) · La Revue de Santé Scolaire et Universitaire · doi:10.1016/j.revssu.2021.03.008
Urao, Y., Yoshida, M., Sato, Y., & Shimizu, E. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-49225/v1
Cognitive behavioral therapy in children with anxiety disorders
Gloston, G. F., Sustaíta, M. A., Ramírez, A. C., Weinzimmer, S. A., Viana, A. G., Storch, E. A., & Schneider, S. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817988-8.00039-7
Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
Picou, P., Adenuga, P., Ellison, K. S., & Davis, T. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00041-8
Zollman, J. W., Forbes, E. E., Cyranowski, J. M., Woods, B. K., & Morgan, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100207
Stack, A., & Lucyshyn, J. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70913-6_5
Christou, G. (2021) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Methodological differences in Pavlovian fear learning, extinction and return of fear
Ryan, K. M. (2021) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/4384
Impacts of Adolescents' Emotional and Behavioral Concerns and Social Skills on Parenting Stress
Miller, M. (2014) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
A model of resilience in children at risk for the development of anxiety.
Schrock, M. D. (2012) · doi:10.18297/etd/1282 · Cited by 1
“Rothbart (2006) has suggested the temperament is open to environmental influence, and work by Calkins (1994) has supported the integral role of”
BackgroundCardamone-Breen, M. C., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K. A., Rapee, R. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Yap, M. B. H. (2017) · doi:10.2196/preprints.9499
Self-citationKapfhammer, H. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03637-8_57
Bowker, J. C., Rubin, K. H., & Coplan, R. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_124 · Cited by 1
(2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119977452.refs
GELLER, D. A., & Hammerness, P. G. (2011) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.11695957.12773056
Lee, J. Y., Cui, L., & Sung, J. (2022) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.35574/kjdp.2022.3.35.1.1
A Study Of Anxiety Levels Of Children Attending Preschool Instirutions According To Teachers’ Views
Şahin, H., & ÇABUK, F. U. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research Review · doi:10.24331/ijere.986376
Resilience of Adolescents Diagnosed with Anxiety and Their Parents in Clinical Sample
Törő, K., Takács, S., & Csikós, G. (2021) · European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.26417/931obr58v
Parental Depression and Child Psychopathology: Mechanisms of Risk and Effect of Remission
Batten, L. A. (2014) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10522
Gupta, S., & Mehta, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2241-5_10
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21833-0.16001-2
Psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent
Picard, C., & Lavergne, J. (2014) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.holze.2014.01.0045
Therapeutic Gaming for Adolescent Anxiety
Barnes, S., & Prescott, J. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7589-8.ch037
Pishdar, S., Kalantari, S., Kalantari, S., Sheikhi, H. R., & Kuchaki, Z. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.55299
“Anxiety disorders are the most common form of emotional disturbance among children and adolescents, with a prevalence rate that varies from 5% to 10% [1,2].”
BackgroundParent-Only Treatment for Child Anxiety
Shimshoni, Y., Rebecca, G. E., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2024) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2024.05.002
Maternal Punitive Responses, Safety Behaviors, and Fear in Anxious Children
Conroy, H. E., Viana, A. G., Raines, E. M., Trent, E. S., Silva, K., Zvolensky, M. J., & Storch, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02915-x
“Exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard treatment for children with anxiety disorders (APA, 2013; Rapee et al., 2009).”
Musami, U. B., Kareem, Y. A., Abdulmalik, J. O., Machina, B. K., Yerima, M. M., & Ibrahim, A. W. (2024) · Medicor Journal of Health Informatics and Health Policy · doi:10.61978/medicor.v2i1.210 · Cited by 1
Play Therapy, Its Types and Use in Early Childhood
Arıkan, D. S. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub534.c2198
Development of 21st Century Skills in the Preschool Period
Demir, B. K., & Öztürk, B. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub534.c2211 · Cited by 1
Sustainability and Citizen Science in Early Childhood Education in the 21st Century
Yılmaz, A., Sekecek, G. G., & Atılgan, K. Ş. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub534.c2207 · Cited by 1
Nogami, K., & Yamane, T. (2025) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.24.02513-2
The psychometric properties of the child anxiety and depression life interference scale (CADLIS)
O’Gradey‐Lee, M., Jones, A., Gandhi, E., Lyneham, H. J., Rapee, R. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00856-3
Self-citationCao, H., Wang, S., Zhou, N., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2025.101761
Can attentional biases predict outcome of CBT in children with social anxiety disorder?
Schmidtendorf, S., Asbrand, J., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., & Heinrichs, N. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102029
Bilodeau-Houle, A., Duplessis-Marcotte, F., Raymond, C., Primiani, R., & Marin, M. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02898-z
“…the proportion of boys and girls was well-balanced, a larger sample size would have allowed us to investigate the potential influence of children’s sex on the data, as girls present more depressive and anxiety symptoms than boys (Rapee et al. 2009; Roza et al. 2003; Schraedley et al. 1999).”
Baumgartner, N. M., & Kiel, E. J. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70010 · Cited by 1
“As is highlighted in Rapee's review of anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence (2009), parents who are overly restrictive of their children's behaviors may unintentionally promote the maintenance of inhibition by sending implicit messages that children have little‐to‐no control over danger…”
Influential(2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21835-4.00116-5
Çelik, S. B., Bacanak, E. B., & Bumın, G. (2025) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1525227
Vargas, J. J. T., Fonseca-Beltrán, L., Romero-Acosta, K., Tous, I. L., Uparela, L. C., Doria-Dávila, D., & Arrieta, G. J. (2025) · Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia · doi:10.4995/reinad.2025.20847
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHILD-CENTERED PLAY THERAPY ON ANXIETY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Ayaz, R., & ULUSOY, Y. (2025) · Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.21560/spcd.vi.1588446 · Cited by 1
Anxiety in Young Children with Williams Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study
Reeve, J. L., & Porter, M. A. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12081098
“Studies have also shown a moderate genetic influence in the development of anxiety in young typically developing children [29].”
InfluentialOkawa, S., Urao, Y., Spence, S. H., Rapee, R. M., Ito, H., Tsujii, M., & Shimizu, E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08340-7
Self-citationPrevalence and correlates of emotional problems among adolescents in Mauritius
Ramdhonee-Dowlot, K., Balloo, K., Morgül, E., & Essau, C. A. (2025) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2025.2559222
Godorecci, K., Zhang, C. S., Riddle, D. B., Onyeka, O. “., Schneider, S. C., Berry, L. N., Goin‐Kochel, R. P., Storch, E. A., & Guzick, A. G. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07075-5
Financial capability as a pathway to financial well-being among caregivers of childrenPreprint
Achulo, S., Johnson, I. C., Appiah‐Kubi, J., Amoako, E. O., & Ansong, D. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7795531/v1
Okul öncesi döneme yönelik resimli çocuk kitaplarında kaygı
YILDIZ, C. (2025) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.33400/kuje.1518364
Yürümez, E., Uytun, M. Ç., Efendi, G. Y., Ünlü, H. K., Aktaş, S., & Öztop, D. B. (2025) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001443
Türk, F., & Hamamcı, Z. (2025) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-025-00635-9
“The lifetime prevalence rate varies between 2.5 and 20% (Costello et al., 2004; Newman et al., 1996; Rapee et al., 2009 ), with an average onset age of 11 years (Davis et al., 2011 ).”
InfluentialProtective Factors on the Impact of Parental Stress on Distress in Parents of Autistic Children
Lam, H., Song, X., Chan, S. I., Lau, K., & So, W. (2025) · Asian Social Work and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/aswp.70022
Pratiques éducatives et symptômes anxieux chez des enfants brésiliens : étude corrélationnelle
Sampaio, C. P., & Blanc, R. (2025) · La psychiatrie de l enfant · doi:10.3917/psye.682.0351
Chhetri, A., Bhandarı, S. S., Lasopa, S. O., & Dutta, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1759096
Metadata
- Authors
- Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-04-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 311-341
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W2167192006
- Cited by
- 821
- References
- 223
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- childhood anxiety, adolescent anxiety, anxiety disorders, causes of anxiety, temperament, parenting, treatment outcomes, treatment efficacy, prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Bibliotherapy, Child, Humans, Life Change Events, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Temperament, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review