Gonadal Steroid Induction of Structural Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System
Abstract
The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If the brain is exposed to testosterone either from its own testes in males or from an exogenous source in females, it will be masculinized.
“If the brain is exposed to testosterone either from its own testes in males or from an exogenous source in females, it will be masculinized [59–64].”
From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [59]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cell death during development of the nervous system
Oppenheim, R. W. (1991) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002321 · Cited by 3,084 · see citing works
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity
Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0033-y · Cited by 626 · see citing works
“Extensive evidence links sexually dimorphic aspects of physiology to differences in programming by this early testosterone surge in males that programs the organization of neural circuits permissive to the activation of male behavior at puberty [59–64].”
BackgroundSex-specific features of microglia from adult mice
Villa, A., Gelosa, P., Castiglioni, L., Cimino, M., Rizzi, N., Pepe, G., Lolli, F., Marcello, E., Sironi, L., Vegeto, E., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.048 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Men and women differ in amygdala response to visual sexual stimuli
Hamann, S., Herman, R. A., Nolan, C. L., & Wallen, K. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1208 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Arnold, A. P., & Chen, X. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.11.001 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationKeshavan, M. S., Anderson, S., & Pettergrew, J. W. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90009-4 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Sex differences in the physiology of eating
Asarian, L., & Geary, N. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
De Vries, G. J., Rissman, E. F., Simerly, R. B., Yang, L.-Y., Scordalakes, E. M., Auger, C. J., Swain, A., Lovell-Badge, R., Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-09005.2002 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Self-citationMATURATION OF HUMAN CEREBRUM OBSERVED <i>IN VIVO</i> DURING ADOLESCENCE
JERNIGAN, T. L., TRAUNER, D. A., HESSELINK, J. R., & TALLAL, P. A. (1991) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/114.5.2037 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Bos, P. A., Panksepp, J., Bluthé, R.-M., & Honk, J. V. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.01.002 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600992239 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Hines, M., Allen, L. S., & Gorski, R. A. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90068-k · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationMorgan, C. P., & Bale, T. L. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1887-11.2011 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Adult neuroplasticity: more than 40 years of research
Fuchs, E., & Flügge, G. (2014) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2014/541870 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Sex differences in the neural correlates of emotion: evidence from neuroimaging
Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Yap, M. B. H., & Allen, N. B. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.003 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Early androgen exposure and human gender development
Hines, M., Constantinescu, M., & Spencer, D. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0022-1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Topical Review: Fetal Testosterone and Sex Differences in Typical Social Development and in Autism
Knickmeyer, R. C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738060210101601 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Oxytocin and social motivation
Gordon, I., Martin, C., Feldman, R., & Leckman, J. F. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pinares-Garcia, P., Stratikopoulos, M., Zagato, A., Loke, H., & Lee, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8080154 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Sakamoto, H., Ukena, K., & Tsutsui, K. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-06221.2001 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Puberty and the maturation of the male brain and sexual behavior: recasting a behavioral potential
Romeo, R. D., Richardson, H. N., & Sisk, C. L. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00009-x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Influence of Androgens on Immunity to Self and Foreign: Effects on Immunity and Cancer
Ben-Batalla, I., Vargas-Delgado, M. E., von Amsberg, G., Janning, M., & Loges, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01184 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“The Role of Androgen Receptor in Health In physiological conditions, the main role of the androgens/AR axis is the development of male characteristics, including spermatogenesis and the mediation of neurobiological and behavioral sex differences between female and male mammals already during the perinatal development…”
BackgroundEffects of Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A on Play Behavior of Female and Male Juvenile Rats
Dessì-Fulgheri, F., Porrini, S., & Farabollini, F. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s3403 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Lebron-Milad, K., Abbs, B., Milad, M. R., Linnman, C., Rougemount-Bücking, A., Zeidan, M. A., Holt, D. J., & Goldstein, J. M. (2012) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-2-7 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
A previously uncharacterized role for estrogen receptor β: Defeminization of male brain and behavior
Kudwa, A. E., Bodo, C., Gustafsson, J.-Å., & Rissman, E. F. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500752102 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Early-Life Exposure to Testosterone Programs the Hypothalamic Melanocortin System
Nohara, K., Zhang, Y., Waraich, R. S., Laque, A., Tiano, J. P., Tong, J., Münzberg, H., & Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2010-1288 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Early exposure to a low dose of bisphenol A affects socio-sexual behavior of juvenile female rats
Porrini, S., Belloni, V., Seta, D. D., Farabollini, F., Giannelli, G., & Dessì-Fulgheri, F. (2005) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.11.014 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Brain androgen and progesterone metabolizing enzymes: biosynthesis, distribution and function
Lephart, E. D., Lund, T. D., & Horvath, T. L. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00111-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Poletti, A., Negri-Cesi, P., Rabuffetti, M., Colciago, A., Celotti, F., & Martini, L. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.4.5866 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Karatsoreos, I. N., & Silver, R. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1083 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Isgor, C., & Watson, S. J. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Androgen receptor immunoreactivity in forebrain axons and dendrites in the rat
DonCarlos, L. L., Garcia-Ovejero, D., Sarkey, S., Garcia-Segura, L. M., & Azcoitia, I. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-0105 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Pubertal exposure to estrogenic chemicals affects behavior in juvenile and adult male rats
Della Seta, D., Minder, I., Belloni, V., Aloisi, A. M., Dessì-Fulgheri, F., & Farabollini, F. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.03.015 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Nohara, K., Waraich, R. S., Liu, S., Ferron, M., Waget, A., Meyers, M. S., Karsenty, G., Burcelin, R., & Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00620.2012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Hormonal Programming Across the Lifespan
Nugent, B., Tobet, S., Lara, H., Lucion, A., Wilson, M., Recabarren, S., & Paredes, A. (2012) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1312593 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Yokosuka, M., Ohtani-Kaneko, R., Yamashita, K., Muraoka, D., Kuroda, Y., & Watanabe, C. (2008) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.07.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Varvarigou, A. A., Liatsis, S. G., Vassilakos, P., Decavalas, G., & Beratis, N. G. (2009) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm.2009.028 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gioiosa, L., Palanza, P., Parmigiani, S., & vom Saal, F. S. (2015) · Dose-Response · doi:10.1177/1559325815610760 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Prenatal Hormone Milieu in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Worsham, W., Dalton, S., & Bilder, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655438 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Della Seta, D., Farabollini, F., Dessì-Fulgheri, F., & Fusani, L. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0113 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developmental androgenization programs metabolic dysfunction in adult mice: Clinical implications
Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2014) · Adipocyte · doi:10.4161/adip.27746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Association between early androgens and autistic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Coscini, N., Williams, K., Chew, D., Pang, K. C., O’Connell, M. A., & May, T. (2021) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101789 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Increased levels of testosterone have little effect on visual cortex plasticity in the kitten
Daw, N. W., Baysinger, K. J., & Parkinson, D. (1987) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.480180203 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Arnold, A. P., & Gorski, R. A.
- ORCID
- Arnold, Arthur P.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1984-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 413-442
- ISSN
- 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4126
- OpenAlex
- W2111516838
- Cited by
- 1,198
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 12.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- sex steroids, sex differences, brain development, default mode network, sex hormones, central nervous system, hemispheric lateralization, cortical asymmetry
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Birds, Brain, Cell Count, Central Nervous System, Estradiol, Female, Male, Models, Biological, Motor Neurons, Muscles, Neurons, Perineum, Preoptic Area, Sex Differentiation, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Spinal Cord, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Vocalization, Animal, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review