Exogenous amino acids stimulate human muscle anabolism without interfering with the response to mixed meal ingestion
Abstract
We sought to determine whether ingestion of a between-meal supplement containing 30 g of carbohydrate and 15 g of essential amino acids (CAA) altered the metabolic response to a nutritionally mixed meal in healthy, recreationally active male volunteers. A control group (CON; n = 6, 38 ± 8 yr, 86 ± 10 kg, 179 ± 3 cm) received a liquid mixed meal [protein, 23.4 ± 1.0 g (essential amino acids, 14.7 ± 0.7 g); carbohydrate, 126.6 ± 4.0 g; fat, 30.3 ± 2.8 g] every 5 h (0830, 1330, 1830). The experimental group (SUP; n = 7, 36 ± 10 yr, 87 ± 12 kg, 180 ± 3 cm) consumed the same meals but, in addition, were given CAA supplements (1100, 1600, 2100). Net phenylalanine balance (NB) and fractional synthetic rate (FSR) were calculated during a 16-h primed constant infusion of l-[ ring-2 H 5]phenylalanine. Ingestion of a combination of CAA supplements and meals resulted in a greater mixed muscle FSR than ingestion of the meals alone (SUP, 0.099 ± 0.008; CON, 0.076 ± 0.005%/h; P < 0.05). Both groups experienced an improvement in NB after the morning (SUP, −2.2 ± 3.3; CON, −1.5 ± 3.5 nmol·min−1·100 ml leg volume−1) and evening meals (SUP, −9.7 ± 4.3; CON, −6.7 ± 4.1 nmol·min−1·100 ml leg volume−1). NB after CAA ingestion was significantly greater than after the meals, with values of 40.2 ± 8.5 nmol·min−1·100 ml leg volume−1. These data indicate that CAA supplementation produces a greater anabolic effect than ingestion of intact protein but does not interfere with the normal metabolic response to a meal.
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The anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.
“The anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
In a fasted state, MPS rates are lower and muscle protein balance is negative.
“In contrast, MPS rates are lower in a fasted state and muscle protein balance is negative.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
During the post-prandial phase (1-4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.
“During the post-prandial phase (1–4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.
“Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
MPS increases approximately 30-100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance.
“MPS increases approximately 30–100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
The major contributing factor to the MPS response to a protein-containing meal is the EAA content.
“the major contributing factor to this response is the EAA content”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.
“The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
Supplementation with 15 g of EAAs and 30 g of carbohydrate produced a greater anabolic effect (increase in net phenylalanine balance) than the ingestion of a mixed macronutrient meal, despite similar EAA dose.
“supplementation with 15 g of EAAs and 30 g of carbohydrate produced a greater anabolic effect (increase in net phenylalanine balance) than the ingestion of a mixed macronutrient meal, despite the fact that both interventions contained a similar dose of EAAs [96].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
The consumption of the supplement did not interfere with the normal anabolic response to the meal consumed three hours later.
“the consumption of the supplement did not interfere with the normal anabolic response to the meal consumed three hours later [96].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
A 180-cal supplement containing 15 g of EAAs stimulated greater rates of protein synthesis than an 850-cal meal with the same EAA content from a whole protein source.
“Paddon-Jones and colleagues [96] found that a 180-cal supplement containing 15 g of EAAs stimulated greater rates of protein synthesis than an 850-cal meal with the same EAA content from a whole protein source.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [96]
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“Interestingly, supplementation with 15 g of EAAs and 30 g of carbohydrate produced a greater anabolic effect (increase in net phenylalanine balance) than the ingestion of a mixed macronutrient meal, despite the fact that both interventions contained a similar dose of EAAs [96].”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Shriners Hospitals for Children (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2005-04
- Volume
- 288
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- E761-E767
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2101500226
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG024832)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR-00073, M01RR000073)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- essential amino acids, muscle protein synthesis, muscle anabolism, fractional synthesis rate, protein supplementation, amino acid metabolism, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amino Acids, Essential, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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