Novel essential amino acid supplements enriched with L-leucine facilitate increased protein and energy intakes in older women: a randomised controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Inadequate protein intake (PI), containing a sub-optimal source of essential amino acids (EAAs), and reduced appetite are contributing factors to age-related sarcopenia. The satiating effects of dietary protein per se may negatively affect energy intake (EI), thus there is a need to explore alternative strategies to facilitate PI without compromising appetite and subsequent EI. METHODS: Older women completed two experiments (EXP1 and EXP2) where they consumed either a Bar (565 kJ), a Gel (477 kJ), both rich in EAAs (7.5 g, 40% L-leucine), or nothing (Control). In EXP1, participants (n = 10, 68 ± 5 years, mean ± SD) consumed Bar, Gel or Control with appetite sensations and appetite-related hormonal responses monitored for one hour, followed by consumption of an ad libitum breakfast (ALB). In EXP2, participants (n = 11, 69 ± 5 years) ingested Bar, Gel or Control alongside an ALB. RESULTS: In EXP1, EI at ALB was not different (P = 0.674) between conditions (1179 ± 566, 1254 ± 511, 1206 ± 550 kJ for the Control, Bar, and Gel respectively). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel compared to the Control after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.0005). Analysis revealed significantly higher appetite Area under the Curve (AUC) (P < 0.007), a tendency for higher acylated ghrelin AUC (P = 0.087), and significantly lower pancreatic polypeptide AUC (P = 0.02) in the Control compared with the Bar and Gel. In EXP2, EI at ALB was significantly higher (P = 0.028) in the Control (1282 ± 513 kJ) compared to the Bar (1026 ± 565 kJ) and Gel (1064 ± 495 kJ). However, total EI was significantly higher in the Bar and Gel after accounting for the energy content of the supplements (P < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with either the Bar or Gel increased total energy intake whether consumed one hour before or during breakfast. This may represent an effective nutritional means for addressing protein and total energy deficiencies in older women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial register: retrospectively registered, ISRCTN12977929 on.
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An effective strategy to overcome age and hormone-mediated reductions in anabolic sensitivity in older women is the combination of resistance exercise and essential amino acid ingestion.
“An effective strategy to overcome age and hormone-mediated reductions in anabolic sensitivity in older women is the combination of resistance exercise and essential amino acid ingestion.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [247]
The Background describes a diminished anabolic response to protein in older adults and discusses leucine-enriched essential amino acid supplements as a potential nutritional strategy. It does not establish that combining those supplements with resistance exercise overcomes anabolic insensitivity in older women, or that the insensitivity is hormone-mediated. The Methods state that participants were not engaged in regular exercise training (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMPS rates increased at 0-2 hours and remained elevated through 4 hours when resistance exercise was combined with ingestion of 6 to 10 grams of essential amino acids in older women.
“Notably, MPS rates increased at 0–2 hours and remained elevated through 4 hours when resistance exercise was combined with ingestion of 6 to 10 grams of essential amino acids in older women [247,248].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [247]
The Discussion reports that the supplements contained 7.5 g of essential amino acids and were given to older women. It also cites evidence that leucine-rich amino acid mixtures can increase muscle protein synthesis in older people. But the paper does not report muscle protein synthesis rates after resistance exercise or an increase lasting from 0–2 through 4 hours; its Results instead report plasma amino acid concentrations after ingestion. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“bined with ingestion of 6 to 10 grams of essential amino acids in older women [247,248].”
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- Authors
- Ispoglou, T., Deighton, K., King, R. F., White, H., & Lees, M.
- Affiliations
- Leeds Beckett University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ispoglou, Theocharis
- Venue
- Nutrition Journal
- Published
- 2017-11-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-75
- ISSN
- 1475-2891 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5704600
- OpenAlex
- W2768442047
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nutrition Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEIF funding)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- leucine, essential amino acids, protein supplementation, energy intake, appetite, older women, sarcopenia, acylated ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide, satiety, breakfast
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amino Acids, Essential, Anthropometry, Appetite, C-Reactive Protein, Energy Intake, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Leucine, Middle Aged, Pancreatic Polypeptide, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Supplements, Peptide YY, Ghrelin, Breakfast
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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