Sex differences in the circadian control of hamster wheel-running activity
Abstract
The circadian pacemaker that underlies the wheel-running activity of hamsters was studied in males and females. Sex differences were found in the mechanism by which the pacemaker entrains to light-dark cycles and in the timing of activity onset. When exposed to a light-dark cycle with a period of 24.75 h (with 1 h of light/cycle), males show a greater ability to maintain entrainment than do females. This difference in the upper limit of entrainment appears due to a sex difference in the magnitude of light-induced phase shifts. A small difference in free-running period may also contribute to the sex difference in entrainment. Two weeks after castration of adults, the sex difference in entrainment is not affected, indicating that the difference does not depend on circulating gonadal steroids or on estrous cyclicity of the female. However, castration of females at an early age increases their ability to entrain, whereas long-term castration of males seems to reduce entrainment ability. During entrainment to a 24-h light-dark cycle (LD 14:10), females were found to begin their daily activity before males and before castrated females. This difference is consistent with a sex difference in the magnitude of light-induced phase shifts and in entrainment of the pacemaker. However, evidence is given that the sex difference in activity onset might also be caused by a sex difference in the relationship of locomotor activity to the pacemaker in intact males and females.
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In adult laboratory rodents, a wide variety of gonadal hormones can affect the phase of circadian rhythms.
“Indeed, in adult laboratory rodents a wide variety of gonadal hormones can affect the phase of circadian rhythms, including estrogens, progestins, androgens, and non-traditional neuroactive steroids (e.g., rats: [8, 17], hamsters: [49, 51, 129], mice: [23, 47, 78, 90], degus: [80, 100]).”
From The neuroendocrine control of the circadian system: Adolescent chronotype (2012) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Davis, F. C., Darrow, J. M., & Menaker, M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1983-01-01
- Volume
- 244
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- R93-R105
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2214835533
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian pacemaker, sex differences, wheel running, hamster, light-induced phase shift, free-running period, castration, sex steroids, locomotor activity, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Castration, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Cricetinae, Light, Male, Mesocricetus, Motor Activity, Periodicity, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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