The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate the relationship between bioelectrical conductance (ht2/R) and densitometrically determined fat-free mass, and to compare the prediction errors of body fatness derived from the tetrapolar impedance method and skinfold thicknesses, relative to hydrodensitometry. One-hundred and fourteen male and female subjects, aged 18–50 yr, with a wide range of fat-free mass (34–96 kg) and percent body fat (4–41%), participated. For males, densitometrically determined fat-free mass was correlated highly (r = 0.979), with fat-free mass predicted from tetrapolar conductance measures using an equation developed for males in a previous study. For females, the correlation between measured fat-free mass and values predicted from the combined (previous and present male data) equation for men also was strong (r = 0.954). The regression coefficients in the male and female regression equations were not significantly different. Relative to hydrodensitometry, the impedance method had a lower predictive error or standard error of the estimates of estimating body fatness than did a standard anthropometric technique (2.7 vs. 3.9%). Therefore this study establishes the validity and reliability of the tetrapolar impedance method for use in assessment of body composition in healthy humans.
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In the citing paper
“The BIA equation developed in this study (R2 = 0.97; SRMSE= 1.99) was similar to or better than those obtained with other equations designed with comparable sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.96; SEE = 3.06), or of Baumgartner (35 males; 63 females)[28] based on a four compartment model (R2 = 0.91; SEE = 2.47).”
In the citing paper
“The body composition variables selected in the final model of this study have been reported as the best predictors in BIA equations designed to estimate FFM [25-27].”
In the citing paper
“The explanation for this could be that limb length and body weight are positively related to resistance, which is the main predictor of FFM estimated with BIA [27].”
In the citing paper
“There is limited information available regarding EQ3 development sample.The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 50 years, and the mean FFM was 60.2 kg, which was notably higher than our sample (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
From External validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis equations for body composition against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Mexican recreational runners (2025) · cites this paper as Lukaski et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used in population and clinical studies as a technique for estimating body composition.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used as a less expensive alternative for estimating body composition in both adults and children (3).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The BIA 101 Akern is a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and has been used in various other studies [7,52–54].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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MethodIncrease in the Thermic Effect of Food in Women by Adrenergic Amines Extracted from Citrus Aurantium
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“Fat-free mass and fat mass were assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis, performed in the early morning after an overnight fast, according to a conventional standard technique (Lukaski et al, 1986).”
MethodBody composition, age and femoral bone mass of young adult women
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“The reliability and validity of BIA for estimating body composition is comparable to underwater weighing and skinfold measures.(32,35) It has demonstrated a 94% accuracy rate compared to a 96% accuracy rate for underwater weighing.”
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Postpartum Changes in Body Composition
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Guidelines to electrode positioning for human and animal electrical impedance myography research
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“Of interest, most of these efforts have investigated only the effect on the resistance 20,23–25 , because the models used for assessing body composition parameters do not consider the reactance 26 .”
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“Moreover, the results of previous studies have shown that BIA devices are accurate in estimating body composition: tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis highly correlates not only with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, but also with magnetic resonance imaging (26) and densitometry (13).”
ResultD’Amuri, A., Sanz, J. M., Capatti, E., Vece, F. D., Vaccari, F., Lazzer, S., Zuliani, G., Nora, E. D., & Passaro, A. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001021 · Cited by 57
Long-Term Effects of Histidine Depletion on Whole-Body Protein Metabolism in Healthy Adults
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“Measurements will be taken in triplicate with participants in the supine position after single use dual tab gel electrodes have been placed on one foot and one hand on the same side.(60) All data will be uploaded onto the BioImped software (BIS) for subsequent analysis.”
MethodBody size and composition and risk of rectal cancer (Australia)
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“and reliable method for assessing human body composition [15, 16].”
MethodOverview of bioelectrical impedance analyzers
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Bioelectrical impedance in the clinical evaluation of liver disease
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“Fat-free mass was estimated by bioelectric impedance measurements with the use of the Lukaski equation (17), which is based on body height and body conductance.”
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“The technique is currently used in a wide range of situations and many validations of the technique have been published (Cordain et al, 1988; Davies et al, 1988; Kushner et al, 1986; Lukaski et al, 1986; Segal et al, 1987).”
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Profiling the sport of stand-up paddle boarding
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Different displacement of bioimpedance vector due to Ag/AgCl electrode effect
Nescolarde, L., Lukaski, H. C., LORENZO, A. D., Silleras, B. D. M., Redondo-del-Río, M. P., & Martín, M. A. C. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.121 · Cited by 48
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“BIS has been found suitable for food analysis [9, 19, 21, 23, 42, 45-50], cell or tissue culture studies [51-55] and the disease detection [56-67] and so on.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, Y., Fang, W., Wang, C., Kao, T., Yang, H., Wu, C., Sun, Y., Wang, Y.-C., & Chen, W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214994 · Cited by 50
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“Recently, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been reported to have good correlation with DXA and has become popular in clinical practice because of its validity, feasibility, safety, and cost [8,9].”
BackgroundComparison of fat-free mass and body fat in Swiss and American adults
Kyle, U. G., Genton, L., Lukaski, H. C., Dupertuis, Y. M., Slosman, D. O., Hans, D. B., & Pichard, C. (2005) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.023 · Cited by 48
Self-citationEnergy Expenditure in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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“These values were then entered into a software program that calculated LBM according to the regression equation (30) LBM = -4.”
MethodInner‐City Older Blacks Have High Levels of Functional Disability
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“sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.”
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Effects of exercise training in water and on land in patients with COPD: a randomised clinical trial
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women with Previous Gestational Hypertension
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Resting energy expenditure and body composition in morbidly obese, obese and control subjects
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“Italy) following the manufacturer's equations [10-12].”
Renström, F., Burén, J., Svensson, M. K. E., & Eriksson, J. W. (2007) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.09.012 · Cited by 46
“Body composition was determined by the bioelectrical impedance analysis technique (BIA-101 RJL-systems, Detroit, MI) [28].”
MethodCardiovascular and Hormonal Changes with Different Angles of Head-up Tilt in Men
László, Z., Rössler, A., & Hinghofer-Szalky, H. (2001) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.930041 · Cited by 46
“…Body fat mass (% of total body weight) was estimated in test subjects lying in the supine position by a computerized single-frequency bioelectrical analyzer system (model BIA-103, RJL Systems, Detroit, MI, USA), with 0.8 mA current at 50 kHz, using a 4-electrode system (Lukaski et al. 1986).”
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Habitual physical activity levels and health outcomes of Ontario youth
Klentrou, P., Hay, J., & Plyley, M. J. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0814-6 · Cited by 46
Meguid, M. M., Lukaski, H. C., Tripp, M. D., et al. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 46
Self-citationPichard, C., Kyle, U. G., Janssens, J.-P., Burdet, L., Rochat, T., Slosman, D. O., Fitting, J.-W., Thiébaud, D., Roulet, M., Tschopp, J., et al. (1997) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)00336-5 · Cited by 44
Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimation Fat-Free Mass in the Army Cadets
Langer, R., Borges, J., Pascoa, M., Cirolini, V., Guerra-Júnior, G., & Gonçalves, E. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030121 · Cited by 44
Estimation of total body water by bioelectrical impedance analysis in blacks
Zillikens, M. C., & Conway, J. M. (1991) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.1310030106 · Cited by 45
Potter, A. W., Nindl, L. J., Soto, L. D., Pazmino, A., Looney, D. P., Tharion, W. J., Robinson-Espinosa, J. A., & Friedl, K. E. (2022) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000512 · Cited by 46
Bioimpedance Identifies Body Fluid Loss after Exercise in the Heat: A Pilot Study with Body Cooling
Gatterer, H., Schenk, K., Laninschegg, L., Schlemmer, P., Lukaski, H. C., & Burtscher, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109729 · Cited by 45
“Electrodes (BIATRODES Akern Srl; Florence, Italy) were placed on the right side at metacarpal and metatarsal sites of the right wrist and ankle [11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNutrient Status of Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Gordon, C. M., Anderson, E. J., Herlyn, K., Hubbard, J. L., Tillotson, A. P., Gelbard, R. B., Lapey, A., & Merkel, P. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.09.005 · Cited by 44
“Estimation of percentage body fat composition was determined by tetrapolar bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) (BIA 101A, RJL Systems, Inc, Clinton Township, MI) in the supine position (26,27).”
MethodBogónez-Franco, P., Nescolarde, L., Bragós, R., et al. (2009) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/30/7/004 · Cited by 45
“…measurements is the detection of the hydration state, fundamentally in renal diseases, and mainly employing tetrapolar electrodes in the whole body (Lukaski et al 1986, Ellis 2000, Piccoli 2005) or using segmental configurations (Patterson et al 1988, Organ et al 1994, Cornish et al 1999, Rosell…”
Minimum Weight Prediction Methods Cross-Validated by the Four-Component Model
CLARK, R. R., Bartok, C., SULLIVAN, J. C., & Schoeller, D. A. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121942.84630.6c · Cited by 46
Body composition by x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance in female runners
Pichard, C., Kyle, U. G., Gremion, G., Gerbase, M. W., & Slosman, D. O. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199711000-00021 · Cited by 44
ENGELEN, M. P. K. J., Deutz, N. E. P., Mostert, R., Wouters, E. F. �., & Schols, A. M. W. J. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.4.868 · Cited by 44
“The fat-free mass of the COPD patients was calculated by using a patient-specific regression equation (18), whereas the fat-free mass of the healthy control subjects was calculated by using a specific regression equation for elderly men as described by Lukaski et al (19).”
MethodHendel, H. W., Gotfredsen, A., Højgaard, L., Andersen, T., & Hilsted, J. (1996) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365519609088814 · Cited by 42
The relationship between body composition and muscle power output in men and women with obesity
Lafortuna, C. L., Agosti, F., Marazzi, N., & Sartório, A. (2004) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03346280 · Cited by 43
Bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as part of a national nutrition survey
Kuczmarski, R. J. (1996) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.3.453s · Cited by 43
Erdtsieck, R. J., Pols, H. A. P., Valk, N. K., van Ouwerkerk, B. M., Lamberts, S. W. J., Mulder, P. G. H., & Birkenhäger, J. C. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02920.x · Cited by 43
“Fat mass was calculated by subtracting FFM from body weight (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
MethodFulcher, G. R., Farrer, M., Walker, M., Rodham, D., Clayton, B., & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (1991) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.3109/00365519109091611 · Cited by 44
Metabolic rate and body composition of pima Indian and Caucasian children
Fontvieille, A. M., & Ravussin, É. (1993) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408399309527634 · Cited by 44
Sonati, J. G., Modeneze, D. M., Vilarta, R., Maciel, É. D. S., Boccaletto, E. M. A., & da Silva, C. C. (2010) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.04.010 · Cited by 43
“The surface electrodes were placed in four anatomic points suggested by Lukaski et al. (1986) and Heyward and Stolarczyk (2002) (back and wrist of the right hand and top and ankle of the right foot).”
BackgroundEstimating Energy Expenditure With the RT3 Triaxial Accelerometer
Maddison, R., Jiang, Y., Hoorn, S. V., Mhurchú, C. N., Lawes, C. M. M., Rodgers, A., & Rush, E. C. (2009) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599559 · Cited by 44
Ledford, C. K., Thiele, R. A. R., Appleton, J. S., Butler, R. J., Wellman, S. S., Attarian, D. E., Queen, R. M., & Bolognesi, M. P. (2014) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.12.036 · Cited by 43
“It is important to note that PBF can be calculated through a variety of measures (hydrodensitometry, dual energyx-rayabsorptiometry, anthropometric measures); however, body-fat estimation by current BIA has validated correlation against such measures [18–20].”
BackgroundSanson, G., Bertocchi, L., Bo, E. D., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.007 · Cited by 43
“acquired in a standard mode (Lukaski et al., 1986); briefly, whilst the subject was lying in a supine position, four electrodes were placed respectively on the right hand, wrist, ankle and foot after cleaning”
Bioimpedance analysis is safe in patients with implanted cardiac electronic devices
Chabin, X., Taghli-Lamallem, O., Mulliez, A., Bordachar, P., Jean, F., Futier, E., Massoullié, G., Andonache, M., Souteyrand, G., Ploux, S., et al. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.029 · Cited by 44
Brevinge, H., Berglund, B., Bosaeus, I. G., Tölli, J., Nordgren, S., & Lundholm, K. (1995) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800820813 · Cited by 43
Comparability of Resting Energy Expenditure in Nigerians and U.S. Blacks
Luke, A. H., Rotimi, C. N., Adeyemo, A., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Prewitt, T. E., Moragne‐Kayser, L., Harders, R., & Cooper, R. (2000) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2000.42 · Cited by 43
Selection experiments for body composition in mice and rats: A review
Eisen, E. J. (1989) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/0301-6226(89)90003-1 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Hall, C. B., & Siders, W. A.
- ORCID
- Lukaski, H. C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-04-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1327-1332
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2103844937
- Cited by
- 1,370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- body composition, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, hydrodensitometry, skinfold thickness, prediction error, anthropometry, method validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Densitometry, Electric Conductivity, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skinfold Thickness
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