Influence of carbohydrate dosage on exercise performance and glycogen metabolism

Mitchell, J. B.; Costill, D. L.; Houmard, J. A.; Fink, W. J.; Pascoe, D. D.; Pearson, D. R.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1843

Cited by 129Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Influence of carbohydrate dosage on exercise performance and glycogen metabolism

Mitchell, J. B., Costill, D. L., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Pascoe, D. D., Pearson, D. R.·1989·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1843

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Abstract

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) solutions of 0 (WP), 6 (CHO-6), 12 (CHO-12), and 18 g CHO/100 ml (CHO-18) on performance and muscle glycogen use. Ten trained cyclists performed five 120-min cycling trials. The first 105 min of each trial was at 70% of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and the final 15 min was an all-out performance ride on an isokinetic cycle ergometer equipped to measure total work output. In one of the trials (CHO-12I) the submaximal portion of the ride consisted of seven 15-min rides at 70% of VO2max with a 3-min rest between each ride. Every 15 min the men consumed 8.5 ml.kg-1.h-1 (approximately 150 ml) of one of the four test solutions. Venous blood samples were obtained every 15 min for glucose and insulin. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at 0 and 105 min in the WP and the CHO-12 continuous and intermittent trials. Biopsy samples were assayed for glycogen and sectioned and stained for myosin adenosinetriphosphatase and glycogen for single fiber depletion measurements. There were no differences in glycogen use (86.7 +/- 6.0, 75.5 +/- 7.9, and 83.5 +/- 5.5 mmol/kg for the WP, CHO-12C, and CHO-12I, respectively) or depletion patterns between the WP and the two CHO-12 trials. Blood glucose was significantly elevated in both the CHO-12 trials and in the CHO-18 trial compared with the WP trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Multiple studies comparing continuous versus variable intensity cycling found no differences in total glycogen use, although fiber-type-specific depletion patterns do occur.
“multiple studies comparing continuous versus variable intensity cycling, which found no differences in total glycogen use, although fi ber-type-speci fi c depletion patterns do occur (54, 76).”
From Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise and net skeletal muscle glycogen utilization: A meta-analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [54]

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Stellingwerff, T., Boon, H., Gijsen, A. P., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000272960.60101.aa · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“(2002, 2003) showing that glycogen utilization was not modified with glucose infusion in the rat plantaris muscle stimulated in situ for 60 min, as well as with data from several studies in man showing no muscle glycogen sparing during prolonged exercise with ingestion of CHO (Coyle et al. 1986; Coggan and Coyle 1987;…”
Background
The influence of either no fluid or carbohydrate-electrolyte fluid ingestion and the environment (thermoneutral versus hot and humid) on running economy after prolonged, high-intensity exercise
Sproule, J. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050372 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The high ventilatory level of the subjects during the prolonged high-intensity running bouts (60 min at 80% _V O2max) might have impeded the absorption of some of the ingested ¯uid, which could be responsible for some of the digestive tract discomfort encountered (Mitchell et al. 1989).”
Background
Effects of carbohydrate dose and frequency on metabolism, gastrointestinal discomfort, and cross‐country skiing performance
Stocks, B., Betts, J. A., & McGawley, K. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12544 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…between multipletransportable carbohydrate ingestion and performance suggest that cycling performance may peak at an ingestion rate of ∼ 1.2–1.3 g/min (Mitchell et al., 1989; Smith et al., 2013), which differs from the previously stated 2.4 g/min ingestion rate that elicits the highest reported…”
BackgroundInfluential
Preexercise meal affects ride time to fatigue in trained cyclists
Anderson, M., Bergman, E. A., & Nethery, V. M. (1994) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(94)91137-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Rothschild, J. A., Dudley-Rode, H., Carpenter, H., Smith, A. S. M., Plews, D. J., & Maunder, E. (2026) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00861.2025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Efeitos bioquímicos da suplementação de carboidratos após uma competição simulada de Short Duathlon Terrestre
Mamus, R. T., & dos Santos, M. G. (2006) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.06.01.29 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Ingestion during Exercise: Effects on Muscle Glycogen Resynthesis after Exercise
Zachwieja, J. J., COSTILL, D. L., & Fink, W. J. (1993) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.3.4.418 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Carbohydrate feedings given during exercise have been shown to prevent a decline in blood glucose ( l l ) , improve endurance time to exhaustion (11, 12), and result in general improvements in exercise performance (24, 34).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Timing Carbohydrate Beverage Intake During Prolonged Moderate Intensity Exercise Does Not Affect Cycling Performance
Schweitzer, G., Smith, J., & LeCheminant, J. (2009) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/qdmj2907 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
No Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Muscle Metabolism or Performance During Short‐Duration High‐Intensity Intermittent Exercise
Vigh-Larsen, J. F., Kruse, D. Z., Moseholt, M. B., Hansen, L. G. B., Christensen, A. L., Bæk, A., Andersen, O. E., Mohr, M., & Overgaard, K. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14731 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of active recovery and carbohydrate intake on HRV during 48 hours in athletes after a vigorous-intensity physical activity
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An investigative study into the influence of a commercially available carbohydrate-protein-electrolyte beverage on short term repeated exercise performance
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The performance effect of early versus late carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise
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“5 g·min−1, has previously been shown to be sufficient to induce performance benefits (Murray et al. 1991; Mitchell et al. 1989), and is confirmed by the present study.”
Result
Carbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance
Noakes, T. D., Prins, P., Buga, A., D'Agostino, D. P., Volek, J. S., & Koutnik, A. P. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf038 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia promote glucose utilization and storage during low- and high-intensity exercise
Mohebbi, H., Campbell, I. T., Keegan, M. A., Malone, J. J., Hulton, A. T., & MacLaren, D. P. M. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04257-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Metabolic and Performance Responses to Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise
Vargas, A. (2000) · Nutrition in exercise and sport · doi:10.1201/9781420037180.ch6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION DURING EXERCISE: DOES IT HELP? HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2007) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
α-Cyclodextrin supplementation improves endurance exercise performance and reduces post-exercise fatigue in human males: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study
Onishi, M., Nakamura, T., Kano, C., Hirota, T., Fukuda, S., & Morita, H. (2024) · Bioscience of Microbiota Food and Health · doi:10.12938/bmfh.2024-062 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Carbohydrate solutions and contribute to the improvement of physical performance during a high‐intensity and long‐lasting physical exercise: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (., Turck, D., Bresson, J., Burlingame, B., Dean, T., Fairweather‐Tait, S. J., Heinonen, M., Hirsch‐Ernst, K. I., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H. J., et al. (2018) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5191 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism
Ørtenblad, N., Nielsen, J., Morton, J. P., & Areta, J. L. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Importance of Sports Drinks as a Performance Prerequisites
Halder, S., & Daw, S. (2021) · Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36110/sjms.2020.05.02.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“An electrolyte also promotes solute absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and helps to buffer endogenous acids (Mitchell et al., 1989).”
Background
EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE INGESTION BEFORE AND DURING PROLONGED EXERCISE ON SUBSEQUENT MAXIMAL EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
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A Narrative Review of the High-Carbohydrate Fueling Revolution (≥ 100 g/h) in the Professional Peloton
Wilson, P. B. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This skepticism is also re-enforced by Smith et al. [30] and Mitchell et al. [33], who failed to find performance advantages with the highest carbohydrate feeding rates versus somewhat lower doses.”
Influential
The Efficacy of a Pre-Workout Vegan Supplement on High-Intensity Cycling Performance in Healthy College-Aged Males
Gallien, G. J., Bellar, D. M., & Davis, G. R. (2017) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2017.1310780 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Mitchell et al. (1989) noted that 12 grams of carbohydrate per 100 milliliters of solution consumed during exercise every 15 minutes did significantly improve exercise performance.”
Background
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Considerations for Fueling an Endurance Athlete With Home Parenteral Nutrition
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Efeitos da suplementaçao de diferentes concentraçoes de maltodextrina em ratos submetidos a exercício contínuo e prolongado
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Liver Glycogen in Man –- the Effect of Total Starvation or a Carbohydrate-Poor Diet Followed by Carbohydrate Refeeding
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Havemann‐Nel, L., & Bosch, A. N. (2008)
Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise : an update of current concepts : review article
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Flight activity and glycogen depletion on a low-carbohydrate diet
Winwood-Smith, H. S., White, C. R., & Franklin, C. E. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.228379 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running
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Self-citation

Authors: Mitchell, J. B., Costill, D. L., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Pascoe, D. D., & Pearson, D. R.
Affiliations: Ball State University (US)
ORCID: Houmard, J. A.
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1989-11-01
Volume: 67
Issue: 5
Pages: 1843-1849
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1843
OpenAlex: W1808457245
Cited by: 129
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 0.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: carbohydrate intake, exercise performance, muscle glycogen, glycogen depletion, endurance cycling, blood glucose, insulin, myosin ATPase, single fiber analysis
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Eating, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Glycogen, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Muscles, Oxygen Consumption, Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Work Capacity Evaluation

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Influence of carbohydrate dosage on exercise performance and glycogen metabolism

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