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Cited by 115Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

Carbohydrate feeding during exercise

Open access
Jeukendrup, Asker E.·2008·European Journal of Sport Science
DOI 10.1080/17461390801918971
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Abstract

Carbohydrate ingestion can improve endurance capacity and performance. Since the 1980s, research has focused on optimizing the delivery strategies of these carbohydrates. The optimal dose of carbohydrate is still subject to debate, but recent evidence suggests that there may be a dose–response effect as long as the carbohydrate ingested is also oxidized and does not result in gastrointestinal distress. Oxidation rates of a single type of carbohydrate do not exceed 60 g·h−1. However, when multiple transportable carbohydrates are ingested (i.e. glucose and fructose), these oxidation rates can be increased significantly (up to 105 g·h−1). To achieve these high oxidation rates, carbohydrate needs to be ingested at high rates and this has often been associated with poor fluid delivery as well as gastrointestinal distress. However, it has been suggested that using multiple transportable carbohydrates may enhance fluid delivery compared with a single carbohydrate and may cause relatively little gastrointestinal distress. More research is needed to investigate the practical applications of some of the recent findings discussed in this review.

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Crossref · 10.1080/17461390801918971

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  • Combinations of glucose and sucrose or maltodextrin and fructose promote greater exogenous rates of carbohydrate oxidation when compared to single sources of carbohydrate.

    “Interestingly, combinations of glucose and sucrose or maltodextrin and fructose have been reported to promote greater exogenous rates of carbohydrate oxidation when compared to situations when single sources of carbohydrate are ingested [55–63].”

    From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [56]

    The “Multiple transportable carbohydrates” section reports very high exogenous oxidation rates with maltodextrins plus fructose and explains that oxidation of a single carbohydrate is limited to approximately 60 g/h. It reports glucose plus sucrose plus fructose, however, not glucose plus sucrose as a two-carbohydrate combination; our copy does not establish that specific comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A ratio of 1-1.2 maltodextrin to 0.8-1.0 fructose seems to support the greatest rates of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise.

    “These studies generally indicate a ratio of 1–1.2 for maltodextrin to 0.8–1.0 fructose seems to support the greatest rates of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise.”

    From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [56]

    In “Multiple transportable carbohydrates” (page unavailable), the paper reports very high oxidation rates with maltodextrins plus fructose. It does not specify the claimed 1–1.2 to 0.8–1.0 ratio; it says the highest rates observed were with glucose plus fructose. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Different types of carbohydrates can be oxidized at different rates in skeletal muscle due to the involvement of different transporter proteins that result in carbohydrate uptake.

    “It is now well established that different types of carbohydrates can be oxidized at different rates in skeletal muscle due to the involvement of different transporter proteins that result in carbohydrate uptake [55–59].”

    From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [56]

    The 'Oxidation of ingested carbohydrate' section says carbohydrate types can be oxidized at different rates. The 'Multiple transportable carbohydrates' section links transporter proteins to intestinal absorption and subsequent oxidation, but does not establish that different transporters govern carbohydrate uptake by skeletal muscle. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Providing carbohydrate (230-350 mL of a 6-8% carbohydrate solution) at regular intervals (every 10-12 min) can optimize performance and maintain blood glucose levels during continuous aerobic exercise.

    “Most research has employed study designs that integrate some form of continuous aerobic exercise, and within these studies it has been consistently demonstrated that providing carbohydrate (230–350 mL of a 6–8% carbohydrate solution) at regular intervals (every 10–12 min) can optimize performance and maintain blood glucose levels [48, 49].”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [49]

    The sections on prolonged exercise and high-intensity exercise report that carbohydrate feeding can improve endurance performance and help maintain blood glucose during prolonged exercise. The optimal-dose section reports performance benefits with carbohydrate intake, but does not establish the claimed 230–350 mL of a 6–8% solution every 10–12 minutes as an optimal regimen; it says the optimal dose remains uncertain. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Coyle, E. F., Hagberg, J. M., Hurley, B. F., Martin, W. H., Ehsani, A. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1983). Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 230Á235.
  2. C]galactose and [ C]glucose during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, 720Á725.
  3. Milosevic, A., Brodie, D. A., & Slade, P. D. (1997). Dental erosion, oral hygiene, and nutrition in eating disorders. Inter- national Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 195Á199.

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Authors
Jeukendrup, A. E.
Affiliations
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Jeukendrup, Asker E.
Venue
European Journal of Sport Science
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2008-03
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
77-86
ISSN
  • 1536-7290 (ISSN-L)
  • 1746-1391
DOI
10.1080/17461390801918971
OpenAlex
W2151105859
Cited by
115
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
FWCI
3.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 24 d)
Locations
  • European Journal of Sport Science (publishedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords
carbohydrate intake, physical activity, endurance performance, carbohydrate oxidation, glucose, fructose, dose-response relationship, gastrointestinal distress, fluid delivery

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