Endogenous Sex Hormones in Relation to Age, Sex, Lifestyle Factors, and Chronic Diseases in a General Population: The Tromsø Study
Abstract
The role played by endogenous hormones in many diseases makes it important to understand factors influencing their levels. This study examined the distribution of total and free estradiol, FSH, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) by age and sex and associations of these hormones with body mass index (BMI), lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases. Plasma samples taken from 1555 men and 1952 women 25-84 yr of age in 1994-1995 Tromsø Study were analyzed in 2001. Total estradiol increased with age among men (P < 0.001), with or without adjustment for BMI and lifestyle factors. FSH increased with age both in men (P < 0.001) as well as pre- (P < 0.001) and postmenopausal women (P = 0.01) after similar adjustment, and DHEAS decreased with age in both sexes (P < 0.001). With increasing BMI, free estradiol increased in men (P = 0.004), total and free estradiol increased in postmenopausal women (P < 0.001), and FSH decreased in men (P = 0.03) and postmenopausal women (P < 0.001). Men with chronic diseases had lower levels of DHEAS, compared with healthy men (P < 0.001). Smokers had higher DHEAS levels than nonsmokers. Further studies are needed to confirm these hormonal changes with age and disease.
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Some trials reported reductions in free testosterone, FSH, and DHEAS levels with zinc supplementation, suggesting a potential hormonal benefit.
“Some trials also reported reductions in free testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels, suggesting a potential hormonal benefit [154].”
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- Authors
- Bjørnerem, Å., Straume, B., Midtby, M., Fønnebø, V., Sundsfjord, J., Svartberg, J., Acharya, G., Øian, P., & Berntsen, G. K. R.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- University Hospital of North Norway (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Bjørnerem, Åshild
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6039-6047
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2130271063
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- endogenous sex hormones, estradiol, free estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, aging, sex differences, body mass index, lifestyle factors, smoking, chronic disease, menopause, Tromsø Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Chronic Disease, Estradiol, Female, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Humans, Life Style, Male, Menopause, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Smoking, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Body Mass Index, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
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