A comparison of sensory-motor activity during speech in first and second languages
Open accessAbstract
A foreign language (L2) learned after childhood results in an accent. This functional neuroimaging study investigated speech in L2 as a sensory-motor skill. The hypothesis was that there would be an altered response in auditory and somatosensory association cortex, specifically the planum temporale and parietal operculum, respectively, when speaking in L2 relative to L1, independent of rate of speaking. These regions were selected for three reasons. First, an influential computational model proposes that these cortices integrate predictive feedforward and postarticulatory sensory feedback signals during articulation. Second, these adjacent regions (known as Spt) have been identified as a "sensory-motor interface" for speech production. Third, probabilistic anatomical atlases exist for these regions, to ensure the analyses are confined to sensory-motor differences between L2 and L1. The study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and participants produced connected overt speech. The first hypothesis was that there would be greater activity in the planum temporale and the parietal operculum when subjects spoke in L2 compared with L1, one interpretation being that there is less efficient postarticulatory sensory monitoring when speaking in the less familiar L2. The second hypothesis was that this effect would be observed in both cerebral hemispheres. Although Spt is considered to be left-lateralized, this is based on studies of covert speech, whereas overt speech is accompanied by sensory feedback to bilateral auditory and somatosensory cortices. Both hypotheses were confirmed by the results. These findings provide the basis for future investigations of sensory-motor aspects of language learning using serial fMRI studies.
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In left posterior planum temporale/temporoparietal area, activation increases when speech production is more error prone due to interference or speaking in a second language.
“First, in the left posterior planum temporale/temporoparietal area that previous studies had associated with the silent imagination of heard speech, activation was found to increase when speech production was more error prone due to interference or speaking in a second language (Hocking et al., 2009; Abel et al., 2009; Simmonds et al., 2011; Parker Jones et al., 2012).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Simmonds et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Simmonds, A. J., Wise, R. J. S., Dhanjal, N. S., & Leech, R.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre and
- Corresponding author
- Simmonds, Anna J.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 470-478
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC3129719
- OpenAlex
- W2059032774
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- second language speech, planum temporale, parietal operculum, auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex, overt speech, language learning, accent, hemispheric lateralization, speech production
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Auditory Cortex, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Activity, Somatosensory Cortex, Speech, Speech Perception, Multilingualism, Feedback, Sensory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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