Effects of generation mode in fMRI adaptations of semantic fluency: paced production and overt speech
Open accessAbstract
Verbal fluency is a widely used neuropsychological paradigm. In fMRI implementations, conventional unpaced (self-paced) versions are suboptimal due to uncontrolled timing of responses, and overt responses carry the risk of motion artifact. We investigated the behavioral and neurofunctional effects of response pacing and overt speech in semantic category-driven word generation. Twelve right-handed adults (8 females), ages 21-37 were scanned in four conditions each: paced-overt, paced-covert, unpaced-overt, and unpaced-covert. There was no significant difference in the number of exemplars generated between overt versions of the paced and unpaced conditions. Imaging results for category-driven word generation overall showed left-hemispheric activation in inferior frontal cortex, premotor cortex, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Direct comparison of generation modes revealed significantly greater activation for the paced compared to unpaced conditions in right superior temporal, bilateral middle frontal, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, including regions associated with sustained attention, motor planning, and response inhibition. Covert (compared to overt) conditions showed significantly greater effects in right parietal and anterior cingulate, as well as left middle temporal and superior frontal regions. We conclude that paced overt paradigms are useful adaptations of conventional semantic fluency in fMRI, given their superiority with regard to control over and monitoring of behavioral responses. However, response pacing is associated with additional non-linguistic effects related to response inhibition, motor preparation, and sustained attention.
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The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in suppression of inappropriate and unintended speech.
“Other studies also found the anterior cingulate cortex involved in the suppression of inappropriate and unintended speech (Christoffels et al., 2007; Basho et al., 2007; Ali et al., 2010; Schulze et al., 2011).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Basho et al., 2007
Experimenter-paced single-word production lowers cognitive demands by giving more time to choose words, but it also raises demands for response inhibition.
“While providing a behavioral correlate, paced overt single word production tasks are also problematic. These procedures reduce cognitive demands relative to the behavioral task by allowing subjects more time to reflect upon their word choice, while increasing the need to inhibit responses (see Basho et al., 2007, and Abrahams et al., 2003 for discussions of these issues).”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Basho et al., 2007
Basho et al. found no region with greater activity for overt than for covert generation.
“In contrast, no brain region showed more activity for the overt, relative to the covert task (Basho et al. , 2007).”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Basho et al. , 2007
Basho et al. (2007) investigated category fluency in an overt self-paced design.
“Basho et al. (2007), for example, investigated category fluency in an overt self-paced design.”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Basho et al. (2007)
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- Authors
- Basho, S., Palmer, E. D., Rubio, M. A., Wulfeck, B., & Müller, R.-A.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, Ralph-Axel
- ORCID
- Müller, Ralph-Axel
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1697-1706
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1894937
- OpenAlex
- W1980951846
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS043999, R01-NS43999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- semantic fluency, verbal fluency, overt speech, covert speech, word production, response inhibition, sustained attention, motor preparation, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal cortex, motion artifacts
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Semantics, Speech, Speech Perception, Time Factors, Verbal Behavior
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