Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment
Open accessAbstract
Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore homeostasis to the affected tissue. However, chronic inflammation triggers cellular events that can promote malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as TNF- α , IL-6, TGF- β , and IL-10, have been shown to participate in both the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we explore the role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the participation of these cytokines in two types of cancer attributable to chronic inflammatory disease: colitis-associated colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
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IL-6 plays an important regulatory role for tumour initiation in CRC.
“Thus, IL-6 plays an important regulatory role for tumour initiation in CRC.”
From PU.1-driven Th9 Cells Promote Colorectal Cancer in Experimental Colitis Models Through Il-6 Effects in Intestinal Epithelial Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Section 5, “Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (page unavailable), reports that murine models demonstrate a crucial role for IL-6 in the initiation and progression of colitis-associated cancer. This supports a role in tumour initiation, but the claim extends that finding to CRC generally without the colitis-associated and murine-model qualifiers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring inflammation, IL-6 induces free radicals causing DNA damage, favouring tumour initiation.
“During inflammation, IL-6 induces free radicals causing a DNA damage, favouring tumour initiation 14.”
From PU.1-driven Th9 Cells Promote Colorectal Cancer in Experimental Colitis Models Through Il-6 Effects in Intestinal Epithelial Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Landskron, G., De la Fuente, M., Thuwajit, P., Thuwajit, C., & Hermoso, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Chile (CL)
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
- Siriraj Hospital (TH)
- Corresponding author
- Hermoso, Marcela A.
- Venue
- Journal of Immunology Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 2014
- Pages
- 1-19
- ISSN
- 2314-7156 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-8861
- PMC
- PMC4036716
- OpenAlex
- W2164664027
- Cited by
- 1,765
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 166 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 207 · 2020: 207 · 2019: 162 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 25
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Immunology Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- FONDECYT (1120577, REDES130037)
- CONICYT (1120577, REDES130037)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Keywords
- chronic inflammation, tumor microenvironment, cytokines, carcinogenesis, TNF-α, interleukin-6, TGF-beta, IL-10, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, mutagenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, metastasis, colitis-associated colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma
- MeSH terms
- Bile Duct Neoplasms, Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic, Chronic Disease, Colitis, Humans, Inflammation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Colorectal Neoplasms, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Interleukin-10, Cholangiocarcinoma, Oxidative Stress, Tumor Microenvironment, Carcinogenesis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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