The Role of Amyloid-Beta and Tau in the Early Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
The abnormal accumulation of amyloid-b (Ab) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing phosphorylated tau proteins are the main histopathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synaptic damage and loss are earlier events than amyloid plaques and NFTs in AD progress and best correlate with cognitive deficits in AD patients. Soluble oligomeric Aß initiates the progression of AD and tau mediates the subsequent synaptic impairments at an early stage of AD. In this review we discuss how Ab or/and tau causes synaptic dysfunction. Ab oligomers gather at synapses and give rise to synaptic death in a variety of ways such as regulating receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, unbalancing calcium homeostasis, and activating caspases and calcineurin. A large amount of hyperphosphorylated tau exists in the synapse of the AD brain. Aß-triggered synaptic deficits are dependent on tau. Soluble, hyperphosphorylated tau is much more correlated to cognitive decline in AD patients. Tau-targeted therapies have received more attention because the treatments targeting Aß failed in AD. Here, we also review the therapy strategies used to intervene in the very early stages of AD. Soluble hyperphosphorylated tau forms a complex with cell surface receptors, scaffold proteins, or intracellular signaling molecules to damage synaptic function. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting synaptic tau at the early stage of AD may ameliorating pathology in AD. This review aims to provide an update on the role of oligomeric Ab and soluble hyperphosphorylated tau in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and to develop a new treatment strategy based on this.
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The main focus of AD therapies has been on removing or reducing Aβ plaques and tau tangles because they are characteristic of AD and thought important in onset and development.
“Since amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles are characteristic of AD and are thought to be important in the onset and development of the disease, the main focus of these therapies has been on removing or reducing them.”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [83]
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Synaptic Amyloid-β Oligomers Precede p-Tau and Differentiate High Pathology Control Cases
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Pre-plaque conformational changes in Alzheimer’s disease-linked Aβ and APP
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Mitophagy regulates integrity of mitochondria at synapses and is critical for synaptic maintenance
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Tau‐targeting passive immunization modulates aspects of pathology in tau transgenic mice
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Are infections seeding some cases of Alzheimer’s disease?
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Synapse Loss and Microglial Activation Precede Tangles in a P301S Tauopathy Mouse Model
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Synaptic Consolidation Normalizes AMPAR Quantal Size following MAGUK Loss
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How to scale down postsynaptic strength
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Expanding spectrum of prion diseases
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 114 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Melatonin: A potential nighttime guardian against Alzheimer’s
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Melatonin Supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: The Potential Role in Neurogenesis
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Synaptic scaffold protein PSD-95: a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease
Fan, X., Wang, H., Ping, J., Li, M., Gu, J., & Qian, W. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117401 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Targeting Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis: Cardamonin’s Cognitive Benefits in Alzheimer’s 5XFAD Mice
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Loss of AT8 Nuclear Tau as a Marker of Neuronal Ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
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- Authors
- Yin, X., Qiu, Y., Zhao, C., Zhou, Z., Bao, J., & Qian, W.
- Affiliations
- Nantong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Qian, Wei
- Venue
- Medical Science Monitor
- Published
- 2021-06-04
- Volume
- 27
- Pages
- e933084-e933084
- ISSN
- 1234-1010 (ISSN-L)
- 1643-3750
- PMC
- PMC8422899
- OpenAlex
- W3170071980
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 0.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Medical Science Monitor (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81,473,218, 81872875, 81503077, 81170317)
- Nantong University
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta oligomers, tau hyperphosphorylation, synaptic dysfunction, early pathogenesis, neurofibrillary tangles, soluble tau, receptor tyrosine kinase, calcium homeostasis, caspase activation, calcineurin, cognitive decline, tau-targeted therapy
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Synapses, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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