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Cited by 153Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsInflammasome and immune disordersExtracellular vesicles in disease

Exploring New Inflammatory Biomarkers and Pathways during LPS-Induced M1 Polarization

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Cunha, Carolina, Gomes, Cátia, Vaz, Ana Rita, Brites, Dora·2016·Mediators of Inflammation
DOI 10.1155/2016/6986175PMC PMC5209629
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Abstract

Identification of mediators triggering microglia activation and transference of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) into exosomes are critical to dissect the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. We used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced N9 microglia activation to explore new biomarkers/signaling pathways and to identify inflammatory miRNA (inflamma-miR) in cells and their derived exosomes. Upregulation of iNOS and MHC-II (M1-markers) and downregulation of arginase 1, FIZZ1 (M2-markers), and CX3CR1 (M0/M2 polarization) confirmed the switch of N9 LPS-treated cells into the M1 phenotype, as described for macrophages/microglia. Cells showed increased proliferation, activated TLR4/TLR2/NF-κ B pathway, and enhanced phagocytosis, further corroborated by upregulated MFG-E8. We found NLRP3-inflammasome activation in these cells, probably accounting for the increased extracellular content of the cytokine HMGB1 and of the MMP-9 we have observed. We demonstrate for the first time that the inflamma-miR profiling (upregulated miR-155 and miR-146a plus downregulated miR-124) in M1 polarized N9 cells, noticed by others in activated macrophages/microglia, was replicated in their derived exosomes, likely regulating the inflammatory response of recipient cells and dissemination processes. Data show that LPS-treated N9 cells behave like M1 polarized microglia/macrophages, while providing new targets for drug discovery. In particular, the study yields novel insights into the exosomal circulating miRNA during neuroinflammation important for emerging therapeutic approaches targeting microglia activation.

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  • Upon LPS stimulation, upregulation of miR-155 and miR-146a and downregulation of miR-124 (typical for M1 polarization) is accompanied by increased phagocytic activity.

    “It was demonstrated that, typical for M1 polarization, upregulation of miR-155 and miR-146a, along with downregulation of miR-124 upon LPS stimulation, is accompanied with increased phagocytic activity.”

    From MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis (2022) · cites this paper as [242]

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Authors
Cunha, C., Gomes, C., Vaz, A. R., & Brites, D.
Affiliations
University of Lisbon (PT)
Corresponding author
Brites, Dora
ORCID
Venue
Mediators of Inflammation
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016
Volume
2016
Pages
1-17
ISSN
  • 0962-9351 (ISSN-L)
  • 1466-1861
DOI
10.1155/2016/6986175
PMC
PMC5209629
OpenAlex
W2567699986
Cited by
153
References
15
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FWCI
8.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Mediators of Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/SAU-FAR/118787/2010, UID/DTP/04138/2013, SFRH/BPD/76590/2011, SFRH/BD/91316/2012, SFRH/BD/102718/2014)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
Keywords
microglial activation, M1 macrophage polarization, lipopolysaccharide, exosomal microRNAs, neuroinflammation, NLRP3 inflammasome, HMGB1, MMP-9, MFG-E8, miR-155, miR-146a, miR-124, inducible nitric oxide synthase, MHC class II, arginase-1, Fizz1, CX3CR1, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms
Animals, Arginase, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Phagocytosis, Phenotype, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Cell Death, Microglia, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Receptors, Interleukin-8A, HMGB1 Protein, MicroRNAs, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Exosomes, Inflammasomes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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