Are nonnutritive sweeteners obesogenic? Associations between diet, faecal microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids in morbidly obese subjects
Open accessAbstract
Obesity has been associated with changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolites. The study explored changes in the faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) associated with the diet (including nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs)) and evaluated metabolic consequences in subjects with morbid obesity. The diet was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. One unit of NNSs was 100 mL beverage with NNSs or 2 tablets/teaspoons of NNSs. The faecal microbiota was assessed with GA-map® dysbiosis test and SCFA with gas chromatography and flame ionisation detection. Fourteen men and 75 women with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 8.7) years, BMI 41.8 (SD 3.6) kg/m 2 , and intake of NNSs 7.5 units/day (SD 3.2; range 0–43) were included. Faecal butyric acid was positively and negatively associated with the intake of starch (partial correlation = 0.264; p = 0.015 ) and NNSs (partial correlation = −0.274; p = 0.011 ), respectively. NNSs were associated with changes in four out of 39 bacterial groups. Butyric acid has antiobesogenic effects, reduces insulin resistance, and improves dyslipidaemia. Since the weight-reducing effect of NNSs on obese adults trying to lose weight is dubious, it seems imprudent to use NNSs that might counteract the favourable effects of butyric acid.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nonnutritive sweeteners have been linked to detrimental effects on microbial diversity and composition and decreased butyrate concentration, but evidence is inconsistent, with some reports concluding no clear effects or that only some sweeteners impact the microbial profile.
“Although earlier human studies indicated detrimental effects on microbial diversity and composition (99, 100) and a more recent study linked consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners to a “dysbiosis” [an increasingly redundant term in microbiome research (171)] and a decrease in butyrate concentration (172), some reports have concluded that no clear effects of sweeteners on the microbiota can be”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [172]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100 · see citing works
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513 · see citing works
Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A. H. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-88 · Cited by 3,855 · see citing works
Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota
Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2017) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13589 · Cited by 3,028 · see citing works
Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.001 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut
Flint, H. J., Scott, K. P., Duncan, S. H., Louis, P., & Forano, E. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19897 · Cited by 2,331 · see citing works
Microbiota-Generated Metabolites Promote Metabolic Benefits via Gut-Brain Neural Circuits
De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Goncalves, D., Vinera, J., Zitoun, C., Duchampt, A., Bäckhed, F., & Mithieux, G. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota
MetaHIT consortium, Forslund, K., Hildebrand, F., Nielsen, T., Falony, G., Le Chatelier, E., Sunagawa, S., Prifti, E., Vieira-Silva, S., Gudmundsdottir, V., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15766 · Cited by 2,116 · see citing works
Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota
Suez, J., Korem, T., Zeevi, D., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Thaiss, C. A., Maza, O., Israeli, D., Zmora, N., Gilad, S., Weinberger, A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13793 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Wu, H., Esteve, E., Tremaroli, V., Khan, M. T., Caesar, R., Mannerås-Holm, L., Ståhlman, M., Olsson, L. M., Serino, M., Planas-Fèlix, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4345 · Cited by 1,632 · see citing works
Potential beneficial effects of butyrate in intestinal and extraintestinal diseases
Canani, R. B. (2011) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1519 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota
Rajilić-Stojanović, M., & de Vos, W. M. (2014) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity
Abdelaal, M., le Roux, C. W., & Docherty, N. G. (2017) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.107 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
Koliada, A., Syzenko, G., Moseiko, V., Budovska, L., Puchkov, K., Perederiy, V., Gavalko, Y., Dorofeyev, A., Romanenko, M., Tkach, S., et al. (2017) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1027-1 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Butyrate reduces appetite and activates brown adipose tissue via the gut-brain neural circuit
Li, Z., Yi, C.-X., Katiraei, S., Kooijman, S., Zhou, E., Chung, C. K., Gao, Y., van den Heuvel, J. K., Meijer, O. C., Berbée, J. F. P., et al. (2018) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314050 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Al-Lahham, S. H., Peppelenbosch, M. P., Roelofsen, H., Vonk, R. J., & Venema, K. (2010) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.07.007 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome Profile in Obesity: A Systematic Review
Castaner, O., Goday, A., Park, Y.-M., Lee, S.-H., Magkos, F., Shiow, S.-A. T. E., & Schröder, H. (2018) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2018/4095789 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Action and function of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in health and disease
Ferreira‐Halder, C. V., Faria, A. V. D. S., & Andrade, S. S. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.011 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Six Persistent Research Misconceptions
Rothman, K. J. (2014) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2755-z · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Obesity and Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction
Bouter, K. E. C., van Raalte, D. H., Groen, A. K., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.048 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
New-found link between microbiota and obesity
Chakraborti, C. K. (2015) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology · doi:10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.110 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Casèn, C., Vebø, H. C., Sekelja, M., Hegge, F. T., Karlsson, M. K., Ciemniejewska, E., Dzankovic, S., Frøyland, C., Nestestog, R., Engstrand, L. G., et al. (2015) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13236 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Toews, I., Lohner, S., de Gaudry, D. K., Sommer, H., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4718 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Gao, R., Zhu, C., Li, H., Yin, M., Pan, C., Huang, L., Kong, C., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Qu, S., et al. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22088 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Andoh, A., Nishida, A., Takahashi, K., Inatomi, O., Imaeda, H., Bamba, S., Kito, K., Sugimoto, M., & Kobayashi, T. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.15-152 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Dietary fibre and the gut microbiota
Scott, K. P., Duncan, S. H., & Flint, H. J. (2008) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.00706.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges
Suez, J., Korem, T., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Segal, E., & Elinav, E. (2015) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1017700 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Propionate. Anti-obesity and satiety enhancing factor?
Arora, T., Sharma, R., & Frost, G. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.016 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Zijlstra, J. B., Beukema, J., Wolthers, B. G., Byrne, B. M., Groen, A. K., & Ankert, J. D. (1977) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(77)90312-6 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Markers in Obese Adolescent and Adult Patients: Age-Dependent Differential Patterns
CHIERICO, F. D., Abbatini, F., Russo, A., Quagliariello, A., Reddel, S., Capoccia, D., Caccamo, R., Corradini, S. G., Nobili, V., PEPPO, F. D., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01210 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Feeding the microbiota: Transducer of nutrient signals for the host
Shanahan, F., van Sinderen, D., O’Toole, P. W., & Stanton, C. (2017) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313872 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Effects of Low-Dose Non-Caloric Sweetener Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Mice
Uebanso, T., Ohnishi, A., Kitayama, R., Yoshimoto, A., Nakahashi, M., Shimohata, T., Mawatari, K., & Takahashi, A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060560 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Gut Microbiota Composition
Montandon, S., & Jornayvaz, F. (2017) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes8100250 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Disruption of Epithelial HDAC3 in Intestine Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice
Whitt, J., Woo, V., Lee, P. C., Moncivaiz, J. D., Haberman, Y., Denson, L. A., Tso, P., & Alenghat, T. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.017 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Effect of exclusive enteral nutrition on gut microflora function in children with Crohn's disease
Tjellström, B., Högberg, L., Stenhammar, L., Magnusson, K., Midtvedt, T., Norin, E. L., & Sundqvist, T. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365521.2012.703234 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Changes seen in gut bacteria content and distribution with obesity: causation or association?
Bell, D. S. H. (2015) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.1098519 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Feng, J., Tang, H., Li, M., Pang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, M. H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., & Shen, J. (2013) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-013-0942-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Crézé, C., Candal, L., Cros, J., Knebel, J., Seyssel, K., Stefanoni, N., Schneiter, P., Murray, M. M., Tappy, L., & Toepel, U. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050615 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Potential of butyrate to influence food intake in mice and men
Fluitman, K. S., Wijdeveld, M., Nieuwdorp, M., & IJzerman, R. G. (2018) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315543 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Proximal Gastrointestinal Tract of Healthy Subjects
Høverstad, T., BJØRNEKLETT, A., Midtvedt, T., FAUSA, O., & Bøhmer, T. (1984) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/15027708.1984.12561978 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The anti-obesity effect of starch in a whole grain-like structural form
Luo, K., Wang, X., & Zhang, G. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo00602d · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Winther, R., Aasbrenn, M., & Farup, P. G. (2017) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-017-0177-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe weighty costs of non-caloric sweeteners
Feehley, T., & Nagler‐Anderson, C. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13752 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Separating “good” from “bad” faecal dysbiosis – evidence from two cross-sectional studies
Farup, P. G., Aasbrenn, M., & Valeur, J. (2018) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-018-0207-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationFarup, P. G., & Valeur, J. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8100089 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [36]Hayes A. F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach 2018 Second New York, NY, USA Guilford Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health
Berding, K., Vlckova, K., Marx, W., Schellekens, H., Stanton, C., Clarke, G., Jacka, F., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa181 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis
Pang, M. D., Goossens, G. H., & Blaak, E. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.598340 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Wei, S., Bahl, M. I., Baunwall, S. M. D., Hvas, C. L., & Licht, T. R. (2021) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00395-21 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners
Mora, M. R., & Dando, R. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12703 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Plaza‐Díaz, J., Pastor‐Villaescusa, B., Rueda‐Robles, A., Abadía‐Molina, F., & Ruiz‐Ojeda, F. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041153 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track
Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P. C., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238816 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
O'Connor, D., Pang, M. D., Castelnuovo, G., Finlayson, G., Blaak, E. E., Gibbons, C., Navas‐Carretero, S., Almiron‐Roig, E., Harrold, J. A., Raben, A., et al. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02424d · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Diet-Related Changes of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Blood and Feces in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Ilyés, T., Silaghi, C. N., & Craciun, A. M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11111556 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gauthier, E., Milagro, F. I., & Navas‐Carretero, S. (2023) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112237 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A Guide to Dietary Pattern–Microbiome Data Integration
Choi, Y., Hoops, S., Thoma, C. J., & Johnson, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac033 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Compositional Changes of the High-Fat Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota upon Consumption of Common Pulses
Lutsiv, T., Weir, T. L., McGinley, J. N., Neil, E. S., Wei, Y., & Thompson, H. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113992 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Das, S., Banerjee, P., Jana, S., & Mondal, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2025.1623547 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Castañeda-Monsalve, V., Fröhlich, L., Haange, S., Homsi, M. N., Rolle-Kampczyk, U. E., Fu, Q., von Bergen�, M., & Jehmlich, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349367 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners on the human microbiome
Crakes, K. R., Questell, L., Soni, S., & Suez, J. (2025) · Immunometabolism · doi:10.1097/in9.0000000000000060 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Separating “good” from “bad” faecal dysbiosis – evidence from two cross-sectional studies
Farup, P. G., Aasbrenn, M., & Valeur, J. (2018) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-018-0207-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationFarup, P. G., & Maseng, M. G. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9030664 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationNavarro, J. A., Decara, J. M., Vera, D. M., Tovar, R., López-Gambero, A. J., Suárez, J., Pavón, F. J., Serrano, A., de Ceglia, M., Sanjuan, C., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14081594 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Antasouras, G., Dakanalis, A., Chrysafi, M., Papadopoulou, S. Κ., Trifonidi, I., Spanoudaki, M., Alexatou, O., Pritsa, A. A., Louka, A., & Giaginis, C. (2024) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci12020029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intestinal dysbiosis associated with non-nutritive sweeteners intake: an effect without a cause?
Marongiu, L., Brzozowska, E., Hetjens, S., Hoelzle, L. E., & Venturelli, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1694264 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effect of sweeteners on carbohydrate metabolism, metabolic parameters and intestinal microbiota
Silina, N. V., Mazurina, N. V., Ershova, E. V., & Komshilova, K. A. (2024) · Obesity and metabolism · doi:10.14341/omet13020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alterations in plasma short-chain fatty acids in preadolescence children: The Hokkaido study
Li, Y., Gowda, S. G. B., Gowda, D., Ikeda, A., Bamai, Y. A., Ketema, R. M., Kishi, R., Chiba, H., & Hui, S. (2024) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Enhancement of Gut Microbial Homeostasis by a Post-NGP Phocaeicola vulgatus
Shuvo, M. S. H., Kim, S., Jo, S., Ahmed, I., Aziz, M. T., Yoon, Y., Sarafraz, F., Oh, S., Nam, G. T., Lee, J.-H., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18142355 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modern approaches to the essence and assessment of gut dysbiosis. Review
Ткач, С. М., Dorofeev, A. E., & Dorofeeva, G. A. (2022) · Modern Gastroenterology · doi:10.30978/mg-2022-5-58
Gut Microbiota and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Ryan, J. (2020) · doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2020.nurs.st.07 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Commercial Stevia does not inhibit growth or biofilm formation of Escherichia coli strain MG1655
Soroski, T., Tsankov, B. K., Hossain, A. R., & Lee, D. (2026) · Open Collections · doi:10.14288/ujemi.v6i.193267
Jang, B. (2022) · Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research · doi:10.15429/jkomor.2022.22.1.38
Impacto do desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade
Goulart, A. L. G., Costa, E. M. D. A., Bacelar, M. G. L., Nascimento, S. S., & Gomes, T. F. (2023) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2023.204198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, J., Li, D.-H., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y.-P., Guo, Q.-Q., Xiao-Jing, Z. H. U., Wang, Y.-R., & Shi, Y.-Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1868431
- Authors
- Farup, P. G., Lydersen, S., & Valeur, J.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Farup, Per G.
- Venue
- Journal of Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 2019
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 2090-0708 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-0716
- PMC
- PMC6791210
- OpenAlex
- W2977354602
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- artificial sweeteners, morbid obesity, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, dietary starch, dysbiosis, insulin resistance, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Morbid, Sweetening Agents, Butyric Acid, Young Adult, Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
