Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based three-year follow-up study of cognitively healthy elderly subjects
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has attracted considerable interest as a potential predictor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon4 allele and vascular factors have been associated with a higher risk for AD, recently they have also been linked to the risk of MCI. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of MCI among cognitively healthy elderly subjects during a 3-year follow-up, and to evaluate the impact of demographic and vascular factors as well as the ApoE epsilon4 allele on the conversion to MCI. METHODS: At baseline, the cognitive abilities of 806 out of 1,150 eligible subjects (aged 60-76 years) from a population-based sample were examined. Cognitively intact subjects (n = 747) were followed for an average of 3 years. RESULTS: 66 subjects (8.8%) had converted to MCI. The global incidence rate of MCI was 25.94/1,000 person-years. Persons with higher age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), ApoE epsilon4 allele carriers (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15-3.64) and persons with medicated hypertension (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05-3.29) were more likely to convert to MCI than those individuals of lower age and without an ApoE epsilon4 allele or medicated hypertension. Persons with high education (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70-0.89) were less likely to convert to MCI than persons with low or no education. In subjects with both the ApoE epsilon4 allele and medicated hypertension, the crude OR for conversion was 3.92 (95% CI 1.81-8.49). In subjects with cardiovascular disease, the crude OR for conversion was 2.13 (95% CI 1.26-3.60). Gender, elevated blood pressure, diabetes or cerebrovascular disease had no significant effect on the conversion to MCI. CONCLUSION: Higher age, the presence of at least one ApoE epsilon4 allele and medicated hypertension are independent risk factors, but high education is a protective factor for MCI. The results suggest that vascular factors may have an important role in the pathogenesis of MCI.
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Baseline age, gender, and educational level were controlled for in all analyses.
“Baseline age (years), gender, and educational level (years) are all well-established covariates of late-life cognitive function (Barnes et al., 2003;Tervo et al., 2004;Tilvis et al., 2004) and were controlled for in all analyses.”
From Living alone and cognitive function in later life (2019) · cites this paper as Tervo et al., 2004
Age, gender, and education are established covariates of late-life cognition.
“which are established covariates of late-life cognition [35–37].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Tervo, S., Kivipelto, M., Hänninen, T., Vanhanen, M., Hallikainen, M., Mannermaa, A., & Soininen, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- Venue
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 196-203
- ISSN
- 1420-8008 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9824
- OpenAlex
- W1976908886
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 11.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- mild cognitive impairment, incidence, risk factors, APOE ε4, educational attainment, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, vascular risk factors, older adults, cognitive aging, age as risk factor, protective factors, sex differences, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, blood pressure, cognitive decline prediction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alleles, Apolipoproteins E, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Population, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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