Cited by 1,005Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesPhysical Activity and Health

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Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors

Cornelissen, Véronique A., Fagard, Robert H.·2005·Hypertension

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Abstract

Previous meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials on the effects of chronic dynamic aerobic endurance training on blood pressure reported on resting blood pressure only. Our aim was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis including resting and ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure–regulating mechanisms, and concomitant cardiovascular risk factors. Inclusion criteria of studies were: random allocation to intervention and control; endurance training as the sole intervention; inclusion of healthy sedentary normotensive or hypertensive adults; intervention duration of ≥4 weeks; availability of systolic or diastolic blood pressure; and publication in a peer-reviewed journal up to December 2003. The meta-analysis involved 72 trials, 105 study groups, and 3936 participants. After weighting for the number of trained participants and using a random-effects model, training induced significant net reductions of resting and daytime ambulatory blood pressure of, respectively, 3.0/2.4 mm Hg ( P <0.001) and 3.3/3.5 mm Hg ( P <0.01). The reduction of resting blood pressure was more pronounced in the 30 hypertensive study groups (−6.9/−4.9) than in the others (−1.9/−1.6; P <0.001 for all). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 7.1% ( P <0.05), plasma norepinephrine by 29% ( P <0.001), and plasma renin activity by 20% ( P <0.05). Body weight decreased by 1.2 kg ( P <0.001), waist circumference by 2.8 cm ( P <0.001), percent body fat by 1.4% ( P <0.001), and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance by 0.31 U ( P <0.01); HDL cholesterol increased by 0.032 mmol/L −1 ( P <0.05). In conclusion, aerobic endurance training decreases blood pressure through a reduction of vascular resistance, in which the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system appear to be involved, and favorably affects concomitant cardiovascular risk factors.

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Does pulmonary rehabilitation address cardiovascular risk factors in patients with COPD?
Gale, N., Duckers, J., Enright, S., Cockcroft, J., Shale, D., & Bolton, C. (2011) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/1471-2466-11-20 · Cited by 79
“It was important however, to confirm if this was seen in the selected patients referred to rehabilitation compared to previous reported groups of COPD patients [6,28,29].”
BackgroundResult
Football as a treatment for hypertension in untrained 30–55‐year‐old men: a prospective randomized study
Andersen, L. J., Randers, M., Westh, K., Martone, D., Hansen, P., Junge, A., Dvořák, J., Bangsbo, J., & Krustrup, P. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01109.x · Cited by 79
“…underlying BP reduction in response to dynamic physical training are likely to be very complex and involve modulation in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and reductions in systemic vascular resistance, plasma noradrenaline levels and plasma renin activity (Cornelissen & Fagard, 2005).”
Background
The Utility of Physical Activity in the Management of Global Cardiometabolic Risk
Janiszewski, P. M., & Ross, R. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.382 · Cited by 73
“Instead, the blood pressure reductions in response to chronic physical activity are suggested to result from reduced systemic vascular resistance attributable to alterations in autonomic nervous system activity, renin–angiotensin system activity, and/or endothelial function (139).”
BackgroundInfluential
A brief review of exercise, bipolar disorder, and mechanistic pathways
Thomson, D., Turner, A., Lauder, S., Gigler, M. E., Berk, L., Singh, A., Pasco, J. A., Berk, M., & Sylvia, L. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00147 · Cited by 84
“Exercise unequivocally improves physical heath (e.g., obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, cholesterol; Cornelissen and Fagard, 2005; Church et al., 2007; Department of Health, 2011), but recent data also suggest that exercise is an effective treatment of depression and anxiety…”
BackgroundInfluential
Heat Stress and Animal Productivity
Aggarwal, A., & Upadhyay, R. C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-0879-2 · Cited by 111
Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Responses After Resistance Exercise
Queiroz, A. C. C., Gagliardi, J. F. L., Forjaz, C. L. M., & Rezk, C. C. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318196b637 · Cited by 79
“A erobic training is recommended as a part of the nonpharmacological treatment of hypertensive patients (6) because of its important hypotensive effects (8,28,38).”
Background
Redução da pressão arterial e do duplo produto de repouso após treinamento resistido em idosas hipertensas
Terra, D. F., Mota, M. R., Rabelo, H. T., Bezerra, L., Lima, R. M., Ribeiro, A., Vinhal, P. H., Dias, R. M. R., & da Silva, F. M. (2008) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2008001700003 · Cited by 77
Effects of aerobic, resistance and balance training in adults with intellectual disabilities
Oviedo, G. R., Guerra-Balic, M., Baynard, T., & Javierre, C. F. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.025 · Cited by 91
Football training improves cardiovascular health profile in sedentary, premenopausal hypertensive women
Mohr, M., Lindenskov, A., Holm, P., Nielsen, H. P., Mortensen, J., Weihe, P., & Krustrup, P. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12278 · Cited by 76
“This magnitude of response is twofold higher than has previously been observed after training interventions involving predominantly aerobic training for hypertensive women averaging reductions of 5 and 3 mmHg, respectively (Kelley & Kelley, 1999; Cornelissen & Fagard, 2005).”
Background
The effects of aerobic exercise on eGFR, blood pressure and VO2peak in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-4: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wyngaert, K. V., Craenenbroeck, A. H. V., Biesen, W. V., Dhondt, A., Tanghe, A., Ginckel, A. V., Celie, B. M., & Calders, P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203662 · Cited by 115
Effects of strength and endurance training on metabolic risk factors in healthy 40–65‐year‐old men
Sillanpää, E., HÄKKINEN, A. H., Punnonen, K. R. A., Häkkinen, K., & Laaksonen, D. E. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00849.x · Cited by 72
Aerobic versus isometric handgrip exercise in hypertension
Pagonas, N., Vlatsas, S., Bauer, F., Seibert, F. S., Zidek, W., Babel, N., Schlattmann, P., & Westhoff, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001445 · Cited by 84
“On the other hand, handgrip isometric training was associated with a significant BP reduction of about 5mmHg SBP and 3mmHg DBP in another trial, including 23 hypertensive patients [23].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effects of high-intensity training on cardiovascular risk factors in premenopausal and postmenopausal women
Mandrup, C. M., Egelund, J., Nyberg, M., Slingsby, M. H. L., Roland, C. B., Løgstrup, S., Bangsbo, J., Suetta, C., Stallknecht, B. M., & Hellsten, Y. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.017 · Cited by 95
Lifestyle Intervention Involving Calorie Restriction with or without Aerobic Exercise Training Improves Liver Fat in Adults with Visceral Adiposity
Yoshimura, E., Kumahara, H., Tobina, T., Matsuda, T., Ayabe, M., Kiyonaga, A., Anzai, K., Higaki, Y., & Tanaka, H. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/197216 · Cited by 72
The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial
Galle, S. A., Deijen, J. B., Milders, M. V., Greef, M. H. G. D., Scherder, E., van Duijn, C. M., & Drent, M. L. (2023) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-022-01123-3 · Cited by 94
High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in the Prevention/Management of Cardiovascular Disease
Hussain, S. R., Macaluso, A., & Pearson, S. J. (2016) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000124 · Cited by 98
Effects of Treadmill Running and Resistance Exercises on Lowering Blood Pressure During the Daily Work of Hypertensive Subjects
Mota, M. R., Pardono, E., Lima, L., Arsa, G., Bottaro, M., Campbell, C. G., & Simões, H. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac418 · Cited by 73
“The acute reductions on resting systolic BP between 9 and 13 mm Hg reported in the present study during exercise recovery in relation to CON (Figure 1a) are comparable to those elicited by chronic exercise program as presented by Cornelissen and Fagard (8).”
Result
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obesity Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Cao, M., Tang, Y., Li, S., & Zou, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211905 · Cited by 87
“N SMD (95% CI) Favored HIIT Favored MICT I 2 Q p-Value Total 12/12 (100) 325 Body composition BM 11/12 (92) 313 −0.10 (−0.61, 0.41) 78.4 46.3 0.001 BMI 12/12 (100) 325 0.03 (−0.75, 0.80) 89.8 107.3 0.001 BF% 10/12 (83) 277 −0.23 (−0.73, 0.28) 74.5 35.3 0.001 AF 6/12 (50) 178 −0.21 (−1.19, 0.76) 88.3 42.8 0.001 FFM 6/1…”
BackgroundInfluential
Cardiac Autonomic Modulation Is Determined by Gender and Is Independent of Aerobic Physical Capacity in Healthy Subjects
Dutra, S. G. V., Pereira, A. P., Tezini, G. C. S. V., Mazon, J. H., Martins‐Pinge, M. C., & de Souza, H. C. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077092 · Cited by 75
“alternative mechanism involves a decrease of serum vasoconstrictor factor levels and an increase in the endothelium-derived dilator factor levels, resulting in a reduction in the peripheral vascular resistance, as evidenced by low levels of norepinephrine and plasmatic renin activity, resulting in an increase in endot…”
Background
Physical Activity and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults
Büchner, D. M. (2009) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2009.08.002 · Cited by 73
“1% reduction in vascular resistance, a 29% reduction in plasma norepinephrine, and a 20% reduction in plasma renin activity.(13) Other research shows that resistance training reduces blood pressure, although the evidence is stronger for aerobic exercise.”
BackgroundInfluential
Deutsche Leitlinie zur Rehabilitation von Patienten mit Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DLL-KardReha)
Bjarnason‐Wehrens, B., Held, K., Hoberg, E., Karoff, M., & Rauch, B. (2007) · Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements · doi:10.1007/s11789-007-0001-0 · Cited by 64
Cardiovascular Consequences of Ovarian Disruption: A Focus on Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea in Physically Active Women
Brun, C. L. (2012) · doi:10.1016/j.yspm.2012.03.051 · Cited by 70
Exercise Training and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Focus on the Vascular System
Roque, F., Hernanz, R., Salaices, M., & Briones, A. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0336-5 · Cited by 69
The Drosophila PGC-1α Homolog spargel Modulates the Physiological Effects of Endurance Exercise
Tinkerhess, M. J., Healy, L., Morgan, M., Sujkowski, A. L., Matthys, E., Zheng, L. X., & Wessells, R. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031633 · Cited by 73
“olism and function in vertebrates [24] and improves long-term”
Background
Clinically meaningful blood pressure reductions with low intensity isometric handgrip exercise. A randomized trial.
Hess, N., Carlson, D. J., Inder, J. D., Jesulola, E., McFarlane, J., & Smart, N. (2016) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933120 · Cited by 68
“Indeed, plasma noradrenaline levels have been shown to be linked to training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure (especially in hypertensives, who seemingly have higher levels of plasma noradrenaline) (Cornelissen and Fagard 2005).”
Background
Elevated heart rate in cardiovascular diseases: a target for treatment?
Palatini, P. (2009) · Progress in cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.05.005 · Cited by 68
Morning versus Evening Aerobic Training Effects on Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertension
Brito, L. C., Peçanha, T., Fecchio, R. Y., Rezende, R. A., de Sousa, P. N., da Silva, N. D., Pio-Abreu, A., da Silva, G. V., Mion‐Junior, D., Halliwill, J. R., et al. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001852 · Cited by 77
Metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects of a home-based programme of aerobic physical exercise
Raimondo, D. D., Tuttolomondo, A., Buttà, C., Casuccio, A., Giarrusso, L., Miceli, G., Licata, G., & Pinto, A. V. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12269 · Cited by 67
Heart rate response to exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness of young women at high familial risk for hypertension: effects of interval vs continuous training
Ciolac, E., Bocchi, E., Greve, J., & Guimãraes, G. (2011) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/1741826711398426 · Cited by 67
Effect of High-Intensity interval training versus moderate continuous training on 24-h blood pressure profile and insulin resistance in patients with chronic heart failure
Iellamo, F., Caminiti, G., Sposato, B., Vitale, C., Massaro, M., Rosano, G. M. C., & Volterrani, M. (2013) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-013-0980-4 · Cited by 75
“through an increase in nitric oxide release and decrease in sympathetic vasomotor tone, both leading to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistances, would play a prominent role [23, 24].”
Background
Impact of exercise training on redox signaling in cardiovascular diseases
Campos, J. C., Gomes, M. K., & Ferreira, J. C. B. (2013) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.035 · Cited by 74
Impact of Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Hypertension, Dyslipidemia and Survival: An Overview of the Epidemiological Evidence
Sui, X., Sarzynski, M. A., Lee, D.-C., & Kokkinos, P. F. (2017) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.02.006 · Cited by 88
Impact of High-Intensity Interval Duration on Perceived Exertion
Kilpatrick, M. W., Martinez, N., Little, J. P., Jung, M. E., JONES, A. M., PRICE, N. W., & Lende, D. H. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000495 · Cited by 61
Methodological quality of meta-analyses on the blood pressure response to exercise
Johnson, B. T., MacDonald, H. V., Bruneau, M. L., Goldsby, T. U., Brown, J. C., Huedo-Medina, T. B., & Pescatello, L. S. (2014) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000097 · Cited by 67
“AMSTARExBP number 9: Because scholars routinely posit that the FITT of exercise interventions relates to BP changes [1,5,25,29,32,37,71] meta-analyses of exercise trials should define these components for each study and examine them in relation to the BP response to exercise.”
Background
The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients
Westhoff, T. H., Schmidt, S. C., Gross, V., Joppke, M., Zidek, W., van der Giet, M., & Dimeo, F. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282ffac13 · Cited by 60
“Although cardiovascular training can induce approximately 3–4 mmHg reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) reductions in normotensive individuals, the reduction in BP is even more pronounced in hypertensive patients [4].”
Background
Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors
Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K. S. (2008) · Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7141.2008.08037.x · Cited by 62
Regular physical activity prevents development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension.
Palatini, P., Visentin, P., Dorigatti, F., Guarnieri, C., Santonastaso, M., Cozzio, S., Pegoraro, F., Bortolazzi, A., Vriz, O., & Mos, L. (2008) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn533 · Cited by 62
Body fat is associated with blood pressure in school-aged girls with low cardiorespiratory fitness: The European Youth Heart Study
Ruiz, J., Ortega, F., Loit, H., Veidebaum, T., & Sjöström, M. (2007) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328277597f · Cited by 62
Physical (in)activity-dependent alterations at the rostral ventrolateral medulla: influence on sympathetic nervous system regulation
Mueller, P. J. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2010 · Cited by 59
Aerobic exercise interventions reduce blood pressure in patients after stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, C., Redgrave, J. N. E., Shafizadeh, M., Majid, A., Kilner, K., & Ali, A. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098903 · Cited by 68
“53 While exercise causes immediate elevations in heart rate, cardiac output and peripheral vasodilatation through nitric oxide release, 54 the long-lasting effects that may mediate blood pressure reduction include enhanced endothelial sensitivity to nitric oxide, a reduction in sympathetic tone and…”
Physical Activity, Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults
Salonen, M. K., Wasenius, N., Kajantie, E., Lano, A., Lahti, J. M. T., Heinonen, K., Räikkönen, K., & Eriksson, J. G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126737 · Cited by 52
Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity—a 4-year follow-up study
Hyvärinen, M., Juppi, H., Taskinen, S., Karppinen, J. E., Karvinen, S. M., Tammelin, T., Kovanen, V., Aukee, P., Kujala, U. M., Rantalainen, T., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01022-x · Cited by 84
“With both accelerometry-measured and selfreported measures, higher PA was associated with lower levels in blood-based biomarkers and body composition variables but, surprisingly [52], not in blood pressure.”
Background
Interval and continuous exercise elicit equivalent postexercise hypotension in prehypertensive men, despite differences in regulation
Lacombe, S. P., Goodman, J. M., Spragg, C. M., Liu, S., & Thomas, S. G. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-113 · Cited by 55
“…accepted lifestyle intervention for both the treatment and prevention of hypertension (Pescatello et al. 2004a; Cléroux et al. 1999; Fletcher et al. 1996), having been found to reduce both SBP and DBP (SBP 3.0– 3.84 mm Hg and DBP 2.58–3.3 mm Hg) (Whelton et al. 2002; Cornelissen and Fagard 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Physical exercise improves cardiac autonomic modulation in hypertensive patients independently of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment
Cozza, I. C., Sacco, T. H. R. D., Mazon, J. H., Salgado, M. C. O., Dutra, S. G. V., Cesarino, E. J., & de Souza, H. C. D. (2011) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2011.162 · Cited by 69
Cardiac baroreflex function and dynamic cerebral autoregulation in elderly Masters athletes
Aengevaeren, V. L., Claassen, J. A. H. R., Levine, B. D., & Zhang, R. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00402.2012 · Cited by 56
“For example, endurance training improves cardiac baroreflex function and reduces BP in young and older adults (6, 11, 13, 23, 26, 32, 33, 38, 48, 49), and previous studies from our group and others have shown marked cardiovascular benefits accredited to lifelong endurance training (2, 15, 38, 46).”
Background
Influence of a walking program on the metabolic risk profile of obese postmenopausal women
Roussel, M., Garnier, S., Lemoine, S., Gaubert, I., Charbonnier, L., Auneau, G., & Mauriège, P. (2009) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31818d4137 · Cited by 55
“The systolic and diastolic BP reductions (j10/j11 and j6/ j8 mm Hg, respectively) observed in these two groups after our 16-week walking program are clinically relevant as women will thus be at lower risk for CHD and stroke.5 The decrease in systolic BP was also of greater magnitude than the one reported in the meta-a…”
Result
Postexercise Hypotension as a Predictor for Long-Term Training-Induced Blood Pressure Reduction: A Large-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial
Wegmann, M., Hecksteden, A., Poppendieck, W., Steffen, A., Kraushaar, J., Morsch, A., & Meyer, T. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000475 · Cited by 67
“For a hypertensive population, also larger effects on BP due to training can be expected.(1) However, the aim of this study was to investigate the relation between acute and chronic effects for a large number of subjects.”
Background
Comparison of Different Algorithms for Calculating Velocity and Stride Length in Running Using Inertial Measurement Units
Zrenner, M., Gradl, S., Jensen, U. J., Ullrich, M., & Eskofier, B. M. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18124194 · Cited by 62
“Studies have shown that aerobic endurance training like running can reduce blood pressure [1] and that moderate running twice a week (>51 min or six miles) reduces overall mortality risk and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases [2].”
Background
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in surgically treated type-A aortic dissection patients
Fuglsang, S., Heiberg, J., Hjortdal, V. E., & Laustsen, S. (2016) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.1080/14017431.2016.1257149 · Cited by 55
Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Pericardial Fat in Healthy Older Adults
Hamer, M., Venuraju, S. M., Urbanova, L., Lahiri, A., & Steptoe, A. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2012.61 · Cited by 43
“Exercise training studies demonstrate modest but consistent improvements in various risk factors such as blood pressure and vascular function (28,29), HDL cholesterol (30), and inflammatory markers (31).”
Background
Development of an Integrated Psychosocial Treatment to Address the Medical Burden Associated with Bipolar Disorder
Sylvia, L. G., Nierenberg, A. A., Stange, J. P., Peckham, A., & Deckersbach, T. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000398419.82362.32 · Cited by 54
Role of paraventricular nucleus in exercise training-induced autonomic modulation in conscious rats
de Abreu, S. B., Lenhard‐Vidal, A., Mehanna, A., de Souza, H. C. D., Corrêa, F. M. D. A., Hasser, E. M., & Martins‐Pinge, M. C. (2009) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.02.007 · Cited by 51
Preventing Tomorrow’s Sudden Cardiac Death in Epilepsy Today: What Should Physicians Know about This?
Scorza, F., Colugnati, D., Pansani, A., Sonoda, E. Y., Arida, R., & Cavalheiro, E. (2008) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322008000300017 · Cited by 52
Association between circadian activity rhythms and mood episode relapse in bipolar disorder: a 12-month prospective cohort study
Esaki, Y., Obayashi, K., Saeki, K., Fujita, K., Iwata, N., & Kitajima, T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01652-9 · Cited by 59
“In contrast, exercise is reported to have a positive effect not only on mental problems, including mood symptoms and relapse of mood episodes, but also on physical problems, such as obesity, hypertension, and cholesterol [8, 9, 34, 35].”
Background
Prevalence and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Athletes.
Caselli, S., Sequì, A. V., Lemme, E., Quattrini, F., Milan, A., D'Ascenzi, F., Spataro, A., & Pelliccia, A. (2017) · American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.02.011 · Cited by 51
Controlled aerobic exercise training reduces resting blood pressure in sedentary older adults
Huang, G.-Y., Shi, X., Gibson, C., Huang, S. C., Coudret, N., & Ehlman, M. C. (2013) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.3109/08037051.2013.778003 · Cited by 51
Nutrient-Based Therapies for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review
Sylvia, L. G., Peters, A. T., Deckersbach, T., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000341309 · Cited by 55
Objectively Assessed Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Coronary Artery Calcification in Healthy Older Adults
Hamer, M., Venuraju, S. M., Lahiri, A., Rossi, A., & Steptoe, A. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.236877 · Cited by 50
Endurance Training in Normobaric Hypoxia Imposes Less Physical Stress for Geriatric Rehabilitation
Pramsohler, S., Burtscher, M., Faulhaber, M., Gatterer, H., Rausch, L., Eliasson, A., & Netzer, N. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00514 · Cited by 49
“For common diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes, endurance training has proven to be effective in younger individuals <75 years (Buchner et al., 1997; Cornelissen and Fagard, 2005; Ventura-Clapier et al., 2007).”
Background
10‐20‐30 training increases performance and lowers blood pressure and VEGF in runners
Gliemann, L., Gunnarsson, T. P., Hellsten, Y., & Bangsbo, J. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12356 · Cited by 46
“…meta analysis of 72 exercise training studies have shown that endurance training leads to a net blood pressure reduction of about 3 mmHg, with the largest reduction in blood pressure observed in subjects with the highest initial blood pressure (Pescatello et al., 2004; Cornelissen & Fagard, 2005).”
Background
The impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure variability
Pagonas, N., Dimeo, F., Bauer, F., Seibert, F. S., Kiziler, F., Zidek, W., & Westhoff, T. H. (2013) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.121 · Cited by 59
Capillary growth, ultrastructure remodelling and exercise training in skeletal muscle of essential hypertensive patients
Gliemann, L., Buess, R., Nyberg, M., Hoppeler, H., Odriozola, A., Thaning, P., Hellsten, Y., Baum, O., & Mortensen, S. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12501 · Cited by 48
“Exercise training lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects (Rogers et al. 1996, Fagard & Cornelissen 2007), and regular physical activity is therefore recommended in the prevention and treatment of hypertension (Cornelissen & Fagard 2005, Perk et al. 2012).”
Background
Exercise training in hypertension: Role of microRNAs
das Neves, V. J. (2014) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v6.i8.713 · Cited by 54
Autonomic Cardiovascular Damage during Post-menopause: the Role of Physical Training
de Souza, H. C. D. (2013) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2013.0400320 · Cited by 49
Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance: established cardiovascular disease1This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity clearance, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Thomas, S. G., Goodman, J. M., & Burr, J. F. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-050 · Cited by 42
“Neurohumoral changes include decreased plasma norepinephrine and renin levels and reduced autonomic nervous activity (Cornelissen and Fagard 2005).”
Influential
Beta-blockers do not impair the cardiovascular benefits of endurance training in hypertensives
Westhoff, T. H., Franke, N., Schmidt, S. C., Vallbracht, K. B., Zidek, W., Dimeo, F., & van der Giet, M. (2007) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002173 · Cited by 47
Physical activity levels six months after a randomised controlled physical activity intervention for Pakistani immigrant men living in Norway
Andersen, E., Burton, N. W., & Anderssen, S. A. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-47 · Cited by 47
“A physically active lifestyle seems to be protective [5-11].”
Background

Authors: Cornelissen, V. A., & Fagard, R. H.
Affiliations: From the Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
UCLouvain (BE)
Venue: Hypertension
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2005-10
Volume: 46
Issue: 4
Pages: 667-675
ISSN: 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
1524-4563
DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000184225.05629.51
OpenAlex: W2163161539
Cited by: 1,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 64.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Hypertension (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lirias (submittedVersion)
Funders: Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Vlaamse regering
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: aerobic endurance training, blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, renin-angiotensin system, sympathetic nervous system, cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, HDL cholesterol, body weight, waist circumference, fat mass
MeSH terms: Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hemodynamics, Humans, Norepinephrine, Physical Education and Training, Physical Endurance, Regression Analysis, Renin, Rest, Risk Factors, Vascular Resistance, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cross-Over Studies, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

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Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors

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