Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle Changes for Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

In the paper

“Interventions targeting dietary patterns, weight reduction, and new PA habits often result in impressive rates of initial behavior changes, but frequently are not translated into long-term behavioral maintenance.4”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Rothman AJ. Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 64– 69. 10709949 source

In the paper

“Both observational data60–64 and evidence from clinical trials26–28,30,36,38,50,52 demonstrate the importance of self-monitoring in achieving behavior change.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [60] Butryn ML, Phelan S, Hill JO, Wing RR. Consistent self-monitoring of weight: a key component of successful weight loss maintenance. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15: 3091– 3096. 18198319 source
• Not checked yetcites [61] Baker RC, Kirschenbaum DS. Weight control during the holidays: highly consistent self-monitoring as a potentially useful coping mechanism. Health Psychol. 1998; 17: 367– 370. 9697946 source
• Not checked yetcites [62] Burke LE, Sereika SM, Music E, Warziski M, Styn MA, Stone A. Using instrumented paper diaries to document self-monitoring patterns in weight loss. Contemp Clin Trials. 2008; 29: 182– 193. 17702667 PMC2435095 source
• Not checked yetcites [63] Hollis JF, Gullion CM, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, Appel LJ, Ard JD, Champagne CM, Dalcin A, Erlinger TP, Funk K, Laferriere D, Lin PH, Loria CM, Samuel-Hodge C, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP; Weight Loss Maintenance Trial Research Group. Weight loss during the intensive intervention phase of the weight-loss maintenance trial. Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35: 118– 126. 18617080 PMC2515566 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Tinker LF, Rosal MC, Young AF, Perri MG, Patterson RE, Van Horn L, Assaf AR, Bowen DJ, Ockene J, Hays J, Wu L. Predictors of dietary change and maintenance in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107: 1155– 1166. 17604744 source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2083– 2093. 12709466
• Not checked yetcites [27] McManus K, Antinoro L, Sacks F. A randomized controlled trial of amoderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25: 1503– 1511. 11673773 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Phelan S, Cato RK, Hesson LA, Osei SY, Kaplan R, Stunkard AJ. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2111– 2120. 16291981 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source

In the paper

“As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the ES for the between group differences for the majority of studies was small, ranging from 0.00 to 0.33, except for the preliminary study of Carels et al,15 that used motivational interviewing to augment behavioral intervention and reported an ES of 0.84.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM, Konrad K, Coit C, Harper J, Kaplar ME, Young K, Baylen CA, Versland A. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 369– 374. 17500624 source

In the paper

“Frequency of self-monitoring, as well as detail and proximity in time to the recorded behavior, can influence efficacy of self-monitoring.62”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Burke LE, Sereika SM, Music E, Warziski M, Styn MA, Stone A. Using instrumented paper diaries to document self-monitoring patterns in weight loss. Contemp Clin Trials. 2008; 29: 182– 193. 17702667 PMC2435095 source

In the paper

“Of the successful trials, all interventions included provision of feedback about the initial baseline screening results, and several included further feedback during follow-up assessments.”

In the paper

“Six of the 25 trials listed in Table 3 described provision of feedback as part of the intervention. Five of these studies resulted in positive lifestyle changes.44,46,52,55,81”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley KM, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S. Resources for health: A primary-care-based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 392– 400. 17605558 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source

In the paper

“Five of these 6 trials that included self-monitoring42,46,50–52 led to positive lifestyle behavior changes, compared with 13 of the 19 trials that did not include self-monitoring.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA. Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005; 41: 488– 502. 15917045 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Mayer-Davis EJ, D’Antonio AM, Smith SM, Kirkner G, Levin Martin S, Parra-Medina D, Schultz R. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94: 1736– 1742. 15451743 PMC1448527 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modestlifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 348– 355. 11399781 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source

In the paper

“Tables 2 and 3 describe several studies that included problem solving as a part of interventions that led to positive behavior change.31,32,39,41,43–45”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Green BB, McAfee T, Hindmarsh M, Madsen L, Caplow M, Buist D. Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 177– 183. 11897462 source
• Not checked yetcites [32] Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Prev Med. 2003; 36: 594– 600. 12689805 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Glasgow RE, La Chance PA, Toobert DJ, Brown J, Hampson SE, Riddle MC. Long-term effects and costs of brief behavioural dietary intervention for patients with diabetes delivered from the medical office. Patient Educ Couns. 1997; 32: 175– 184. 9423499 source

In the paper

“whereas 6.5% in the simultaneous arm, 5.2% in the sequential arm, and 6.5% in the usual care arm were adherent to ≥2 target behaviors (all statistical contrasts resulted in P<0.05).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN, Taylor WC, Goodrick GK, Moye L. Simultaneous vs sequential counseling for multiple behavior change. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1152– 1158. 17563023 source

In the paper

“In contrast, in a study comparing the efficacy of nonindividualized self-help manuals versus motivationally matched reports and manuals to promote PA adoption, both groups showed significant improvement in PA at 6 months, but the increase was 50% greater among participants receiving motivationally matched materials.79”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Marcus BH, Bock BC, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH, Roberts MB, Traficante RM. Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention. Ann Behav Med. 1998; 20: 174– 180. 9989324 source

In the paper

“At 18 months, 20.3% in the simultaneous, 16.9% in the sequential, and 10.1% in the usual care arms were negative for urinary cotinine (P=0.06 for the simultaneous group versus the usual care group and P=0.08 for the overall trend in smoking cessation)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN, Taylor WC, Goodrick GK, Moye L. Simultaneous vs sequential counseling for multiple behavior change. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1152– 1158. 17563023 source

In the paper

“Group-based approaches are commonly used in randomized clinical trials employing standard behavioral interventions for weight loss,24,25,28,29,66,72,109 as well as in other trials using diet and PA changes to target CVD risk factors such as BP or blood cholesterol.23,26,27,56,66,67,113”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. Arandomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months: PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 2007– 2017. 17135618 source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, Burton LR. Use of personal trainers and financial incentives to increase exercise in a behavioral weight-loss program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66: 777– 783. 9803696 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Phelan S, Cato RK, Hesson LA, Osei SY, Kaplan R, Stunkard AJ. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2111– 2120. 16291981 source

In the paper

“Evidence described in Tables 2 and 3 shows that interventions may focus on changing only PA,34,46,69,108,109 only dietary behaviors,17,24,30,32,33,39,47,48,54,68,74–76,80,81,96,110 or both.26–29,35,36,38,43,44,50,51,53,55,57,66,67,111–113”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Napolitano MA, Fotheringham M, Tate D, Sciamanna C, Leslie E, Owen N, Bauman A, Marcus B. Evaluation of an Internet-based physical activity intervention: a preliminary investigation. Ann Behav Med. 2003; 25: 92– 99. 12704010 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [69] Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht A, Parisi A, Bock B, Pinto B, Sciamanna C, Jakicic J, Papandonatos GD. Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 401– 409. 17605559 source

In the paper

“In a study comparing the effects of motivationally matched print materials versus motivationally matched telephone counseling, both groups had significantly increased PA at 6 months, but participants receiving the print materials were more likely to maintain PA change at 12 months.69”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht A, Parisi A, Bock B, Pinto B, Sciamanna C, Jakicic J, Papandonatos GD. Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 401– 409. 17605559 source

In the paper

“In 1 trial, at 6 months, the simultaneous strategy was superior for a fat intake intervention and for a subgroup of participants who did not meet physical activity recommendations at baseline.115”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Vandelanotte C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Sallis JF, Spittaels H, Brug J. Efficacy of sequential or simultaneous interactive computer-tailored interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing fat intake. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 138– 146. 15823787 source

In the paper

“Other studies demonstrated that motivational interviewing increased PA among women and/or individuals with diabetes or obesity15,40,105 and black individuals with hypertension.106”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM, Konrad K, Coit C, Harper J, Kaplar ME, Young K, Baylen CA, Versland A. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 369– 374. 17500624 source
• Not checked yetcites [40] Perry CK, Rosenfeld AG, Bennett JA, Potempa K. Heart-to-Heart: promoting walking in rural women through motivational interviewing and group support. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007; 22: 304– 312. 17589283 source
• Not checked yetcites [105] Knight KM, McGowan L, Dickens C, Bundy C. A systematic review of motivational interviewing in physical health care settings. Br J Health Psychol. 2006; 11: 319– 332. 16643702 source

In the paper

“Although few interventions reviewed specifically addressed relapse prevention as a strategy,23,30,45 others may have indirectly addressed relapse prevention through the inclusion of social support, 29,35,41,47,53,55,76,80 through problem solving to reduce barriers,31,32,39,41,44 or through a reinforcement program.98”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] Carels RA, Darby LA, Cacciapaglia HM, Douglass OM. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 412– 426. 15186658 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, Campbell MK, Tawney KW, Aytur SA, Marshall SW, Will JC, Rosamond WD. Effects of a tailored follow-up intervention on health behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 557– 568. 15257847 source

In the paper

“When examining individual target behaviors at 6 months, 29.6% in the simultaneous, 16.5% in the sequential, and 13.4% in the usual care arms had reached the urine sodium goal (P=0.01 for the simultaneous versus the usual care group and P<0.05 for the simultaneous versus the sequential group).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN, Taylor WC, Goodrick GK, Moye L. Simultaneous vs sequential counseling for multiple behavior change. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1152– 1158. 17563023 source

In the paper

“Few interventions described in this review included incentives,34,57,76 and the return on investment from them has not been widely assessed.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Napolitano MA, Fotheringham M, Tate D, Sciamanna C, Leslie E, Owen N, Bauman A, Marcus B. Evaluation of an Internet-based physical activity intervention: a preliminary investigation. Ann Behav Med. 2003; 25: 92– 99. 12704010 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing humane-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620– 1625. 16908795 source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Campbell MK, Demark-Wahnefried W, Symons M, Kalsbeek WD, Dodds J, Cowan A, Jackson B, Motsinger B, Hoben K, Lashley J, Demissie S, McClelland JW. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89: 1390– 1396. 10474558 PMC1508774 source

In the paper

“greater weight reductions were observed at both 1 and 2 years in the commercial group compared with the self-help group, with accompanying improvements in BP, blood lipids, insulin, and glucose levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Kolotkin RL, Miller-Kovach K, Pi-Sunyer FX. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1792– 1798. 12684357 source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Miller-Kovach K, Xavier Pi-Sunyer F. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med. 2000; 109: 282– 287. 10996578 source

In the paper

“No studies were identified that examined the effects of in-office prompts only, in-office reminders only, or in-office dietary and/or PA assessment tools only on diet and/or PA behavior change”

In the paper

“Compared with usual care, more individuals and their partners in the intervention group achieved recommended targets for PA and for fruit, vegetable, saturated fat, and oily fish consumption. Central obesity was also reduced.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [129] Wood DA, Kotseva K, Connolly S, Jennings C, Mead A, Jones J, Holden A, De Bacquer D, Collier T, De Backer G, Faergeman O; EUROACTION Study Group. Nurse-coordinated mulitidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 371: 1999– 2912. 18555911 source

In the paper

“use of a PA Web site and 12 weekly E-mail tip sheets resulted in increased total minutes of walking, but not time spent in moderate PA at 1 and 3 months, compared with a control group.34”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Napolitano MA, Fotheringham M, Tate D, Sciamanna C, Leslie E, Owen N, Bauman A, Marcus B. Evaluation of an Internet-based physical activity intervention: a preliminary investigation. Ann Behav Med. 2003; 25: 92– 99. 12704010 source

In the paper

“the use of personal goal setting and self-monitoring via individual telephone counseling improved adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet and reduced serum cholesterol compared with usual care.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source

In the paper

“Compared with usual care, the intervention group had less progression of coronary atherosclerosis and decreased hospitalizations for cardiac events.128”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [128] Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR, Williams PT, Johnstone IM, Champagne MA, Krauss RM, Farquhar JW. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary artherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation. 1994; 89: 975– 990. 8124838

In the paper

“The studies found improvements in all groups, with small between-group differences in energy and fat consumption or PA changes”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67: 132– 138. 10028217 source
• Not checked yetcites [109] Jakicic JM, Winters C, Lang W, Wing RR. Effects of intermittent exercise and use of home exercise equipment on adherence, weight loss, and fitness in overweight women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999; 282: 1554– 1560. 10546695 source
• Not checked yetcites [72] Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Foster GD, Anderson DA. Exercise and the maintenance of weight loss: 1-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66: 429– 433. 9583346 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1833– 1836. 12684363 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing humane-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620– 1625. 16908795 source
• Not checked yetcites [122] Gold BC, Burke S, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Harvey-Berino J. Weight losson the web: A pilot study comparing a structured behavioral intervention to a commercial program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15: 155– 164. 17228043 source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM, Konrad K, Coit C, Harper J, Kaplar ME, Young K, Baylen CA, Versland A. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 369– 374. 17500624 source

In the paper

“Compared with usual care, the intervention group reported higher functional capacity at 6 months and higher smoking cessation rates and lower LDL cholesterol at 12 months.127”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [127] DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Superko HR, Dennis CA, Thomas RJ, Lew HT, Berger WE 3rd, Heller RS, Rompf J, Gee D, Kraemer HC, Bandura A, Ghandour G, Clark M, Shah RV, Fisher L, Taylor CB. A case management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120: 721– 729. 8147544 source

In the paper

“Lay leaders can improve the quantity of messages about healthy behavior and tailor messages to the unique needs and culture of the target population.74”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Buller DB, Morrill C, Taren D, Aickin M, Sennott-Miller L, Buller MK, Larkey L, Alatorre C, Wentzel TM. Randomized trial testing the effect of peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1491– 1500. 10469751 source

In the paper

“Of the 25 trials reviewed (Table 3), 3 tested lay-led group or individual-level interventions,43,48,74 and 4 tested interventions that combined professional and lay educators.52,53,55,76”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Havas S, Anliker J, Damron D, Langenberg P, Ballesteros M, Feldman R. Final results of the Maryland WIC 5-A-Day Promotion Program. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88: 1161– 1167. 9702141 PMC1508288 source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Buller DB, Morrill C, Taren D, Aickin M, Sennott-Miller L, Buller MK, Larkey L, Alatorre C, Wentzel TM. Randomized trial testing the effect of peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1491– 1500. 10469751 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Staten LK, Gregory-Mercado KY, Ranger-Moore J, Will JC, Giuliano AR, Ford ES, Marshall J. Provider counseling, health education, and community health workers: the Arizona WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 547– 556. 15257846 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Campbell MK, Demark-Wahnefried W, Symons M, Kalsbeek WD, Dodds J, Cowan A, Jackson B, Motsinger B, Hoben K, Lashley J, Demissie S, McClelland JW. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89: 1390– 1396. 10474558 PMC1508774 source

In the paper

“The trials using both professionals and lay leaders also further led to positive outcomes in diet,55,76 blood cholesterol and BP,53,55 PA,53 and hemoglobin A1c at follow-up.52”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Campbell MK, Demark-Wahnefried W, Symons M, Kalsbeek WD, Dodds J, Cowan A, Jackson B, Motsinger B, Hoben K, Lashley J, Demissie S, McClelland JW. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89: 1390– 1396. 10474558 PMC1508774 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Staten LK, Gregory-Mercado KY, Ranger-Moore J, Will JC, Giuliano AR, Ford ES, Marshall J. Provider counseling, health education, and community health workers: the Arizona WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 547– 556. 15257846 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source

In the paper

“low-literacy individuals may have difficulty accessing information through the Internet because of suboptimal searching strategies (eg, use of nonspecific search terms), unwillingness to click on links, accessing Web sites written at or above the 10th grade reading level, and perceived higher quantity and complexity of the information.133,134”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] Birru MS, Monaco VM, Charles L, Drew H, Njie V, Bierria T, Detlefsen E, Steinman RA. Internet usage by low-literacy adults seeking health information: an observational analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2004; 6: e25. 15471751 PMC1550604 source
• Not checked yetcites [134] Wathen CN, Harris RM. “I try to take care of it myself.” How rural women search for health information. Qual Health Res. 2007; 17: 639– 651. 17478646 source

In the paper

“Of the 25 trials reviewed (Table 3), 18 designed culturally sensitive interventions and had mixed results.43–47,52,55,59,74–76,81,93,96,102,103,110,144”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley KM, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S. Resources for health: A primary-care-based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 392– 400. 17605558 source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, Campbell MK, Tawney KW, Aytur SA, Marshall SW, Will JC, Rosamond WD. Effects of a tailored follow-up intervention on health behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 557– 568. 15257847 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Yancey AK, McCarthy WJ, Harrison GG, Wong WK, Siegel JM, Leslie J. Challenges in improving fitness: results of a community-based, randomized, controlled lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15: 412– 429. 16724889 source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Buller DB, Morrill C, Taren D, Aickin M, Sennott-Miller L, Buller MK, Larkey L, Alatorre C, Wentzel TM. Randomized trial testing the effect of peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1491– 1500. 10469751 source
• Not checked yetcites [75] Kumanyika SK, Adams-Campbell L, Van Horn B, Ten Have TR, Treu JA, Askov E, Williams J, Achterberg C, Zaghloul S, Monsegu D, Bright M, Stoy DB, Malone-Jackson M, Mooney D, Deiling S, Caulfield J. Outcomes of a cardiovascular nutrition counseling program in African-Americans with elevated blood pressure or cholesterol level. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99: 1380– 1391. 10570675 source

In the paper

“At 1 year, the trial reported significantly greater weight loss, improved fitness, and lower mean hemoglobin A1c in the combined group compared with those who received diabetes support and education through a limited number of group-only meetings.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [111] Look AHEAD Research Group, Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Bright R, Clark JM, Curtis JM, Espeland MA, Foreyt JP, Graves K, Haffner SM, Harrison B, Hill JO, Horton ES, Jakicic J, Jeffery RW, Johnson KC, Kahn S, Kelley DE, Kitabchi AE, Knowler WC, Lewis CE, Maschak-Carey BJ, Montgomery B, Nathan DM, Patricio J, Peters A, Redmon JB, Reeves RS, Ryan DH, Safford M, Van Dorsten B, Wadden TA, Wagenknecht L, Wesche-Thobaben J, Wing RR, Yanovski SZ. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the look AHEAD trial. source

In the paper

“Incidence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome were reduced by 58% and 41% in the lifestyle and control groups, respectively.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source

In the paper

“One year later, significant decreases were observed in total fat intake and serum cholesterol levels, but not hemoglobin A1c levels.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Glasgow RE, La Chance PA, Toobert DJ, Brown J, Hampson SE, Riddle MC. Long-term effects and costs of brief behavioural dietary intervention for patients with diabetes delivered from the medical office. Patient Educ Couns. 1997; 32: 175– 184. 9423499 source

In the paper

“Seven of the 25 studies described in Table 3 used interventions sensitive to literacy levels44,45,47,52,54,74,81; 6 of these44,45,47,52,74,81 resulted in some positive outcomes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley KM, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S. Resources for health: A primary-care-based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 392– 400. 17605558 source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, Campbell MK, Tawney KW, Aytur SA, Marshall SW, Will JC, Rosamond WD. Effects of a tailored follow-up intervention on health behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 557– 568. 15257847 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 1971– 1976. 9431286 PMC1381239 source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Buller DB, Morrill C, Taren D, Aickin M, Sennott-Miller L, Buller MK, Larkey L, Alatorre C, Wentzel TM. Randomized trial testing the effect of peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1491– 1500. 10469751 source
• Not checked yetcites [81] Fries E, Edinboro P, McClish D, Manion L, Bowen D, Beresford SA, Ripley J. Randomized trial of a low-intensity dietary intervention in rural residents: the Rural Physician Cancer Prevention Project. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 28: 162– 168. 15710271 source

In the paper

“Women, however, are reported to have better eating habits than men.169–174”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [169] Dynesen AW, Haraldsdóttir J, Holm L, Astrup A. Sociodemographic differences in dietary habits described by food frequency questions: results from Denmark. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57: 1586– 1597. 14647224 source
• Not checked yetcites [170] Milligan RA, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Dunbar DL, Spencer MJ, Balde E, Gracey MP. Influence of gender and socio-economic status on dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in 18-year-old Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1998; 22: 485– 493. 9659778 source
• Not checked yetcites [171] Nasreddine L, Hwalla N, Sibai A, Hamzé M, Parent-Massin D. Food consumption patterns in an adult urban population in Beirut, Lebanon. Public Health Nutr. 2006; 9: 194– 203. 16571173 source
• Not checked yetcites [172] Hart A Jr, Tinker L, Bowen DJ, Longton G, Beresford SA. Correlates off at intake behaviors in participants in the eating for a healthy life study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106: 1605– 1613. 17000193 source
• Not checked yetcites [173] Forshee RA, Storey ML. Demographics, not beverage consumption, is associated with diet quality. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 57: 494– 511. 17162328 source
• Not checked yetcites [174] Satia JA, Galanko JA, Neuhouser ML. Food nutrition label use is associated with demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and dietary intake among African Americans in North Carolina. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 392– 402. 15746826 source

In the paper

“Presence of comorbid conditions and depression negatively impact adherence to most lifestyle change regimens.180–183”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [180] Haynes R, Taylor D, Sackett D. Compliance in Health Care. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1979.
• Not checked yetcites [181] Haynes RB, McDonald HP, Garg AX. Helping patients follow prescribed treatment: clinical applications. JAMA. 2002; 288: 2880– 2883. 12472330 source
• Not checked yetcites [182] Rejeski WJ, Miller ME, King AC, Studenski SA, Katula JA, Fielding RA, Glynn NW, Walkup MP, Ashmore JA; LIFE Investigators. Predictors of adherence to physical activity in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders pilot study (LIFE-P). Clin Interv Aging. 2007; 2: 485– 494. 18044198 PMC2685266
• Not checked yetcites [183] Ziegelstein RC, Fauerbach JA, Stevens SS, Romanelli J, Richter DP, Bush DE. Patients with depression are less likely to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160: 1818– 1823. 10871976 source

In the paper

“Older age may be associated with more healthful dietary patterns and better adherence, such as higher consumption of fruits.159–163”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [159] Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Speller V, McVey D. Factors which influence ‘healthy’ eating patterns: results from the 1993 Health Education Authority health and lifestyle survey in England. Public Health Nutr. 1998; 1: 193– 198. 10933418 source
• Not checked yetcites [160] Stables GJ, Subar AF, Patterson BH, Dodd K, Heimendinger J, VanDuyn MA, Nebeling L. Changes in vegetable and fruit consumption and awareness among US adults: results of the 1991 and 1997 5 A Day for Better Health Program surveys. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 809– 817. 12067046 source
• Not checked yetcites [161] Wu SJ, Chang YH, Wei IL, Kao MD, Lin YC, Pan WH. Intake levels and major food sources of energy and nutrients in the Taiwanese elderly. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005; 14: 211– 220. 16169831
• Not checked yetcites [162] Steptoe A, Doherty S, Kerry S, Rink E, Hilton S. Sociodemographic and psychological predictors of changes in dietary fat consumption in adults with high blood cholesterol following counseling in primary care. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 411– 419. 11007149 source
• Not checked yetcites [163] Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31: 675– 684. 16953255 source

In the paper

“Obesity, higher body mass index, and smoking are associated with lower PA levels.175,177–179”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] Norman A, Bellocco R, Vaida F, Wolk. Total physical activity in relation to age, body mass, health and other factors in a cohort of Swedish men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26: 670– 675. 12032752 source
• Not checked yetcites [177] Ahmed NU, Smith GL, Flores AM, Pamies RJ, Mason HR, Woods KF, Stain SC. Racial/ethnic disparity and predictors of leisure-time physical activity among U.S. men. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: 40– 52. 15720048
• Not checked yetcites [178] Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992; 47: 1102– 1114. 1329589 source
• Not checked yetcites [179] Schmitz K, French SA, Jeffery RW. Correlates of changes in leisure time physical activity over 2 years: the Healthy Worker Project. Prev Med. 1997; 26: 570– 579. 9245681 source

In the paper

“Reported barriers to healthy eating among the disadvantaged and/or minority groups include poor dental health, lack of access to quality produce at affordable prices, inability to find ethnically preferred fruits and vegetables in local markets, transportation problems, family customs/habits, social and cultural symbolism of certain foods, and low price and easy access to snack foods.147–152”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Wang MC, Kim S, Gonzalez AA, MacLeod KE, Winkleby MA. Socioeconomic and food-related physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61: 491– 498. 17496257 PMC2465719 source
• Not checked yetcites [148] Johnson CS, Garcia AC. Dietary and activity profiles of selected immigrant older adults in Canada. J Nutr Elder. 2003; 23: 23– 39. 14650551 source
• Not checked yetcites [149] George GC, Milani TJ, Hanss-Nuss H, Freeland-Graves JH. Compliance with dietary guidelines and relationship to psychosocial factors in low-income women in late postpartum. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 916– 926. 15942541 source
• Not checked yetcites [150] Dye CJ, Cason KL. Perceptions of older, low-income women about increasing intake of fruits and vegetables. J Nutr Elder. 2005; 25: 21– 41. 16891261 source
• Not checked yetcites [151] van Lenthe FJ, Brug J, Mackenbach JP. Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 60: 763– 775. 15571894 source
• Not checked yetcites [152] Palmeri D, Auld GW, Taylor T, Kendall P, Anderson J. Multiple perspectives on nutrition education needs of low-income Hispanics. J Community Health. 1998; 23: 301– 316. 9693987 source

In the paper

“Lower PA levels in women than men are generally reported.166–168”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [166] Steffen LM, Arnett DK, Blackburn H, Shah G, Armstrong C, Luepker RV, Jacobs DR Jr. Population trends in leisure-time physical activity: Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980–2000. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38: 1716– 1723. 17019292 source
• Not checked yetcites [167] Crespo CJ, Ainsworth BE, Keteyian SJ, Heath GW, Smit E. Prevalence of physical inactivity and its relation to social class in U.S. adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31: 1821– 1827. 10613434 source
• Not checked yetcites [168] Simons-Morton DG, Hogan P, Dunn AL, Pruitt L, King AC, Levine BD, Miller ST. Characteristics of inactive primary care patients: baseline data from the activity counseling trial. For the Activity Counseling Trial Research Group. Prev Med. 2000; 31: 513– 521. 11071831 source

In the paper

“In the DPP trial, the greatest risk reduction in response to the lifestyle intervention was seen in the oldest age group, suggesting better adherence and/or efficacy in this group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source

In the paper

“Many other cities have adopted or have legislative efforts underway to mandate law that food purveyors phase out industrially produced trans fats.”

In the paper

“Although the studies reviewed examined the influence of behavior change on surrogate end points such as lipid or BP changes, few examined the influence of behavior change on CVD events, mortality, hospitalizations, or quality of life.221,222”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [221] Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ. 2007; 334: 885– 888. 17449506 PMC1857760 source
• Not checked yetcites [222] Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Brown SE, Gould KL, Merritt TA, Sparler S, Armstrong WT, Ports TA, Kirkeeide RL, Hogeboom C, Brand RJ. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1998; 280: 2001– 2007. 9863851 source

In the paper

“As of October 2009, California passed legislation to limit trans fats, and numerous other states have similar legislation under review”

In the paper

“Lifestyle interventions often target constructs based on social cognitive theory (eg, self-efficacy, self-regulation [self-monitoring, goal-setting, feedback], social support, observational learning) or the trans-theoretical model of change (eg, stages of motivational readiness).”

In the paper

“Setting appropriately ambitious goals is also important. Goals that are too difficult may not be attempted, whereas those viewed as too easy may not be taken seriously or provide a sense of satisfaction once achieved.”

In the paper

“Self-based monitoring allows the individual to assess progress with the program on his/her terms, removing barriers such as travel or scheduling constraints associated with structured group programs.”

In the paper

“There was considerable variation in the direction and strength of findings within the studies reviewed; however, an effect of bias against publication of studies with null results cannot be ruled out.”

In the paper

“Because many of the beneficial effects of lifestyle changes accrue over time, long-term adherence maximizes individual and population benefits.”

In the paper

“Goals that focus on behavior (eg, increasing whole grain intake) rather than a physiological target (eg, improving low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol or glucose levels) are preferable because behaviors are under a person’s more direct control and also observable by the individual, whereas several factors (eg, genetics) can influence physiological targets.16,19,21,22”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Strecher VJ, Seijts GH, Kok GJ, Latham GP, Glasgow R, DeVellis B, Meertens RM, Bulger DW. Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1995; 22: 190– 200. 7622387 source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Burke BL, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71: 843– 861. 14516234 source
• Not checked yetcites [21] Bandura A. Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychol Health. 1998; 13: 623– 649. source

In the paper

“Both adoption and maintenance of new cardiovascular risk-reducing behaviors pose challenges for many individuals.”

In the paper

“Despite extensive search efforts, all relevant studies may not have been identified; overall studies are representative and capture the state of the field.”

In the paper

“nonetheless, most of the findings may be generalizable to other developed nations.”

In the paper

“Although work remains in this regard, the success of tobacco cessation efforts provides a strong basis for optimism that a concerted evidence-based program of education, policy change, and individual interventions could successfully improve dietary and PA habits in the United States.”

In the paper

“when possible we used a common measure of effect size (ES) to quantify and compare the success of each intervention.14”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.

In the paper

“An advantage of electronic monitoring systems is their mobility, decreasing cost, and increasing availability; a potential limitation is the absence of human interaction.”

In the paper

“Self-monitoring facilitates recognition of progress made toward the identified goal (eg, minutes of PA or number of calories consumed per day), thus providing direct feedback.”

In the paper

“Feedback about behavior performance can illuminate consequences of diet and PA behavior for an individual, which may motivate individuals to continue a certain behavior or provide direction for adjusting behavior to reach a targeted goal.78”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Grant L, Evans A. Principles of Behavioral Analysis. New York: Harper Collins; 1994.

In the paper

“This is the weakest source for improving self-efficacy, but can be implemented via telephone or other electronic modes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Self-efficacy Bandura A. In: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986: 390– 453.

In the paper

“Feedback based on initial screening can help individuals become aware of the need for behavior change, and feedback during follow-up provides updated information about ongoing behavior change efforts.”

In the paper

“Bandura’s theory suggests 4 sources of self-efficacy that can be drawn on and incorporated into intervention strategies to enhance self-efficacy.82”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Self-efficacy Bandura A. In: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986: 390– 453.

In the paper

“Thus, the relative merits of simultaneous versus sequential intervention are unresolved, and more studies comparing these intervention modes are needed.”

In the paper

“cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies may also have been incorporated and improved efficacy.”

In the paper

“most approaches that include the basic elements of standard behavioral treatment will have a positive effect on eating and PA habits and will result in weight loss, at least for the short term.”

In the paper

“due to their cost, commercial programs may be less available to socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.”

In the paper

“Overall, the results of these trials are mixed, but at least in some scenarios, the use of Web-based and computerized materials appears to improve weight loss and certain dietary behaviors; fewer studies have evaluated PA.”

In the paper

“The homophily for ethnicity (ie, the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others) is important and may affect whether lay advisors or healthcare professionals are more effective.”

In the paper

“Combinations of technology-based approaches may be more effective than single interventions; for example, the addition of E-counseling appeared to improve efficacy of Internet-based programs for weight loss.35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 49– 56. 17291170 source

In the paper

“Lay health advisors, peer educators, or community health workers are trusted community members and usually live in the same communities, speak the same language, have similar values and beliefs, and understand the cultural context of the minority target population.137,138”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [137] Jackson EJ, Parks CP. Recruitment and training issues from selected lay health advisor programs among African Americans: a 20-year perspective. Health Educ Behav. 1997; 24: 418– 431. 9247822 source
• Not checked yetcites [138] Eng E, Parker E, Harlan C. Lay health advisor intervention strategies: a continuum from natural helping to paraprofessional helping. Health Educ Behav. 1997; 24: 413– 417. 9247821 source

In the paper

“The 2 trials of multicomponent interventions that did not lead to dietary or PA changes46,59 may have been limited by insufficient duration or lack of effective combination of behavior change strategies.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Yancey AK, McCarthy WJ, Harrison GG, Wong WK, Siegel JM, Leslie J. Challenges in improving fitness: results of a community-based, randomized, controlled lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15: 412– 429. 16724889 source

In the paper

“Thus cultural sensitivity alone is not sufficient and needs to be combined with essential behavior change strategies to produce positive outcomes.”

In the paper

“For initiating a behavior, persons’ consideration of the anticipated benefits must compare favorably to their current situation, and they need to hold favorable expectancies regarding future outcomes.4,158”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Rothman AJ. Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 64– 69. 10709949 source
• Not checked yetcites [158] Rothman A, Baldwin A, Hertel A. Self-regulation and behavior change: Disentangling behavioral initiation and behavioral maintenance In: Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, eds. The Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2004: 130– 148.

In the paper

“The trial with null outcomes54 lacked other intervention components such as specific behavioral goals, self-monitoring, or feedback that may have lessened the efficacy of the intervention.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 1971– 1976. 9431286 PMC1381239 source

In the paper

“Most individuals have clear expectations about what a new lifestyle will provide; if their experiences do not meet those expectations, they will be dissatisfied and less motivated to maintain it, particularly in environments that are frequently not supportive of healthy choices.”

In the paper

“may reflect reluctance of some investigators to mix sexes,29,36,57,109”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67: 132– 138. 10028217 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1833– 1836. 12684363 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing humane-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620– 1625. 16908795 source

In the paper

“It is important to note that other factors not included in this review will affect whether our evidence-informed recommendations are feasible for implementation, will result in improved levels of cardiovascular risk factors, and will prevent clinical events.”

In the paper

“Special efforts by community groups, businesses, and government to increase the availability of healthier food and PA choices will complement provider interventions to implement lifestyle changes.”

In the paper

“The results of these studies add further and consistent support for the recommendations made herein that include state of the art behavior change strategies to counsel individuals in order to promote weight loss as needed along with the dietary and physical activity changes to maximize reduction in CVD risk.”

In the paper

“The AHA’s 2020 Goals include a new concept of cardiovascular health that directly incorporates metrics of lifestyle behaviors, including diet and PA habits, as defining health.225”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [225] Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, VanHorn L, Greenlund K, Daniels S, Nichol G, Tomaselli GF, Arnett DK, Fonarow GC, Ho PM, Lauer MS, Masoudi FA, Robertson RM, Roger V, Schwamm LH, Sorlie P, Yancy CW, Rosamond WD; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s Strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010; 121: 586– 613. 20089546 source

In the paper

“more studies that target other racial and ethnic minorities such as Asians, Native Americans, or Arab Americans are needed because these groups are also at risk for CVD.219”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [219] US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Minority Health: Minority populations. Available at: http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl1&lvlID7. Accessed November 1, 2009.