Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle Changes for Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

In the paper

“Except for studies using standard behavioral interventions for weight loss, in which daily calorie and fat gram goals are provided, most studies did not target total energy intake.”

In the paper

“The majority of studies assessed changes in body weight and/or specific eating patterns (fruits/vegetables, dietary fat).”

In the paper

“As illustrated in Tables 2 and 3, at least 2 or more strategies were incorporated in studies that yielded favorable outcomes.”

In the paper

“In a study testing interventions to promote weight loss, individuals in a combined therapy group who frequently recorded their weight achieved more than twice the weight loss than those who recorded their weight infrequently.28”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Phelan S, Cato RK, Hesson LA, Osei SY, Kaplan R, Stunkard AJ. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2111– 2120. 16291981 source

In the paper

“Positive dietary or PA behavior changes were observed in all but 235,46 of the trials.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 49– 56. 17291170 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source

In the paper

“In the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, a randomized controlled trial in nearly 50 000 postmenopausal women, independent predictors of dietary change at 1 year included younger age, more education, having a more optimistic personality, attending more intervention sessions, and submitting more self-monitoring records.64”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Tinker LF, Rosal MC, Young AF, Perri MG, Patterson RE, Van Horn L, Assaf AR, Bowen DJ, Ockene J, Hays J, Wu L. Predictors of dietary change and maintenance in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107: 1155– 1166. 17604744 source

In the paper

“A recent meta-analysis found that PA intervention studies using self-monitoring demonstrated larger effect sizes than studies without selfmonitoring.65”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Conn VS, Valentine JC, Cooper HM. Interventions to increase physical activity among aging adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2002; 24: 190– 200. 12173676 source

In the paper

“Of the 74 trials described in Tables 2 and 3, 31 trials (42%) included goal-based diet and/or PA strategies.23–53”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites 23–53

In the paper

“Compared with individuals who have vague or absent goals, individuals who target a specific behavior change are more likely to be successful.17,18”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Delichatsios HK, Friedman RH, Glanz K, Tennstedt S, Smigelski C, Pinto BM, Kelley H, Gillman MW. Randomized trial of a “talking computer” to improve adults’ eating habits. Am J Health Promot. 2001; 15: 215– 224. 11349340 source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Calfas KJ, Sallis JF, Zabinski MF, Wilfley DE, Rupp J, Prochaska JJ, Thompson S, Pratt M, Patrick K. Preliminary evaluation of a multicomponent program for nutrition and physical activity change in primary care: PACE for adults. Prev Med. 2002; 34: 153– 161. 11817910 source

In the paper

“In a recent trial of weight loss, participants who self-monitored their food intake lost twice as much weight as those who did not self-monitor.62”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Burke LE, Sereika SM, Music E, Warziski M, Styn MA, Stone A. Using instrumented paper diaries to document self-monitoring patterns in weight loss. Contemp Clin Trials. 2008; 29: 182– 193. 17702667 PMC2435095 source

In the paper

“Goals either set by participants43,44,46,48,54 or assigned by the healthcare provider can lead to desired outcomes (eg, weight loss).26,38,53,55”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Eakin EG, Bull SS, Riley KM, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S. Resources for health: A primary-care-based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 392– 400. 17605558 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source

In the paper

“One important example of success achieved in improving lifestyle habits is the achieved decline in prevalent tobacco use from 42.4% to 20.5% of American adults between 1965 and 2007.13”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Targeting Tobacco Use at a Glance 2008. Atlanta, GA: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.

In the paper

“Studies to date suggest that electronic self-monitoring systems can be effective for monitoring behavior changes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 49– 56. 17291170 source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1833– 1836. 12684363 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing humane-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620– 1625. 16908795 source

In the paper

“Among the trials reviewed (Tables 2 and 3), the majority of interventions that led to dietary or PA changes that lasted ≥12 months included follow-up contacts over at least 4 months.26,38,46,48,51,53,55,74–76”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2083– 2093. 12709466
• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source

In the paper

“Compared with single-session interventions, the evidence suggests that programs that incorporate scheduled follow-up sessions as a core component are generally more effective.25,26,28,41,43,47,52,55,66–69”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, Burton LR. Use of personal trainers and financial incentives to increase exercise in a behavioral weight-loss program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66: 777– 783. 9803696 source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2083– 2093. 12709466
• Not checked yetcites [28] Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Phelan S, Cato RK, Hesson LA, Osei SY, Kaplan R, Stunkard AJ. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2111– 2120. 16291981 source

In the paper

“Evidence suggests that as the frequency of contact decreases, achievement of initial behavior change also decreases.72”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [72] Wadden TA, Vogt RA, Foster GD, Anderson DA. Exercise and the maintenance of weight loss: 1-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66: 429– 433. 9583346 source

In the paper

“Among the 25 trials with sizable minority representation in Table 3, only 6 included interventions that described self-monitoring.42,46,50–52,59”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA. Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005; 41: 488– 502. 15917045 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Mayer-Davis EJ, D’Antonio AM, Smith SM, Kirkner G, Levin Martin S, Parra-Medina D, Schultz R. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94: 1736– 1742. 15451743 PMC1448527 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modestlifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 348– 355. 11399781 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source

In the paper

“The most commonly used incentives have been financial, such as health premium reductions or direct cash payments/bonuses for specific changes.94”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Linnan L, Bowling M, Childress J, Lindsay G, Blakey C, Pronk S, Wieker S, Royall P. Results of the 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98: 1503– 1509. 18048790 PMC2446449 source

In the paper

“Self-efficacy enhancements were incorporated into the interventions of several of the studies that yielded favorable outcomes.30,39,40,46,54,55,68,79,93”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Glasgow RE, La Chance PA, Toobert DJ, Brown J, Hampson SE, Riddle MC. Long-term effects and costs of brief behavioural dietary intervention for patients with diabetes delivered from the medical office. Patient Educ Couns. 1997; 32: 175– 184. 9423499 source
• Not checked yetcites [40] Perry CK, Rosenfeld AG, Bennett JA, Potempa K. Heart-to-Heart: promoting walking in rural women through motivational interviewing and group support. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007; 22: 304– 312. 17589283 source

In the paper

“An extensive body of evidence indicates that self-efficacy influences behavior change across all the behavior domains related to CVD risk reduction.83–92”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [83] Ewart CK, Stewart KJ, Gillilan RE, Kelemen MH, Valenti SA, Manley JD, Kelemen MD. Usefulness of self-efficacy in predicting overexertion during programmed exercise in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57: 557– 561. 3953439 source
• Not checked yetcites [84] Hagler AS, Norman GJ, Zabinski MF, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, Patrick K. Psychosocial correlates of dietary intake among overweight and obese men. Am J Health Behav. 2007; 31: 3– 12. 17181457
• Not checked yetcites [85] Henry H, Reimer K, Smith C, Reicks M. Associations of decisional balance, processes of change, and self-efficacy with stages of change for increased fruit and vegetable intake among low-income, African-American mothers. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106: 841– 849. 16720125 source
• Not checked yetcites [86] Linde JA, Rothman AJ, Baldwin AS, Jeffery RW. The impact of self-efficacy on behavior change and weight change among overweight participants in a weight loss trial. Health Psychol. 2006; 25: 282– 291. 16719599 source
• Not checked yetcites [87] Nelson KM, McFarland L, Reiber G. Factors influencing disease self-management among veterans with diabetes and poor glycemic control. J Gen Intern Med. 2007; 22: 442– 447. 17372790 PMC1829424 source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Richman RM, Loughnan GT, Droulers AM, Steinbeck KS, Caterson ID. Self-efficacy in relation to eating behaviour among obese and non-obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25: 907– 913. 11439307
• Not checked yetcites [89] Schwarzer R, Renner B. Social-cognitive predictors of health behavior: action self-efficacy and coping self-efficacy. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 487– 495. 11007157 source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Taylor CB, Bandura A, Ewart CK, Miller NH, DeBusk RF. Exercise testing to enhance wives’ confidence in their husbands’ cardiac capability soon after clinically uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 635– 638. 3976503 source
• Not checked yetcites [91] Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: effects of a nurse-managed intervention. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 118– 123. 2360750 source
• Not checked yetcites [92] Van Duyn MA, Kristal AR, Dodd K, Campbell MK, Subar AF, Stables G, Nebeling L, Glanz K. Association of awareness, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, and stage of dietary change with fruit and vegetable consumption: a national survey. Am J Health Promot. 2001; 16: 69– 78. 11727591 source

In the paper

“Notably, at 3 years, the only predictors of continued dietary maintenance were attending more sessions and submitting more self-monitoring records.63,64”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Hollis JF, Gullion CM, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, Appel LJ, Ard JD, Champagne CM, Dalcin A, Erlinger TP, Funk K, Laferriere D, Lin PH, Loria CM, Samuel-Hodge C, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP; Weight Loss Maintenance Trial Research Group. Weight loss during the intensive intervention phase of the weight-loss maintenance trial. Am J Prev Med. 2008; 35: 118– 126. 18617080 PMC2515566 source
• Not checked yetcites [64] Tinker LF, Rosal MC, Young AF, Perri MG, Patterson RE, Van Horn L, Assaf AR, Bowen DJ, Ockene J, Hays J, Wu L. Predictors of dietary change and maintenance in the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007; 107: 1155– 1166. 17604744 source

In the paper

“Across all behavioral domains, it is well-established that adherence to any new behavior will often decline as the intervention is reduced or withdrawn.”

In the paper

“Evidence in Table 2 suggests that feedback is frequently included in successful behavior change interventions.24,27,29,30,32,33,36,44,46,52,55,57,69,71,79–81”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. Arandomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months: PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 2007– 2017. 17135618 source
• Not checked yetcites [27] McManus K, Antinoro L, Sacks F. A randomized controlled trial of amoderate-fat, low-energy diet compared with a low fat, low-energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25: 1503– 1511. 11673773 source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67: 132– 138. 10028217 source

In the paper

“The efficacy of incentive programs to induce or support behavioral change has been most extensively studied at the workplace.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [94] Linnan L, Bowling M, Childress J, Lindsay G, Blakey C, Pronk S, Wieker S, Royall P. Results of the 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98: 1503– 1509. 18048790 PMC2446449 source

In the paper

“There are few data on critical time points for follow-up.”

In the paper

“Further, any already achieved behavior change often diminishes over time as frequency of the follow-up decreases, and particularly so when the intervention ceases entirely.41,59,68”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, Milas NC, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Belden L, Bragg C, Millstone M, Raczynski J, Brewer A, Singh B, Cohen J; Trials for the Hypertension Prevention Research Group. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134: 1– 11. 11187414 source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Yancey AK, McCarthy WJ, Harrison GG, Wong WK, Siegel JM, Leslie J. Challenges in improving fitness: results of a community-based, randomized, controlled lifestyle change intervention. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15: 412– 429. 16724889 source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Yeh MC, Rodriguez E, Nawaz H, Gonzalez M, Nakamoto D, Katz DL. Technical skills for weight loss: 2-y follow-up results of a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27: 1500– 1506. 14634681 source

In the paper

“An array of studies have reported improved body mass index or weight loss using motivational interviewing in workers in Oregon,107 other occupational settings,105 black individuals with hypertension,106 and white females.15”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [107] Butterworth S, Linden A, McClay W, Leo MC. Effect of motivational interviewing-based health coaching on employees’ physical and mental health status. J Occup Health Psychol. 2006; 11: 358– 365. 17059299 source
• Not checked yetcites [105] Knight KM, McGowan L, Dickens C, Bundy C. A systematic review of motivational interviewing in physical health care settings. Br J Health Psychol. 2006; 11: 319– 332. 16643702 source
• Not checked yetcites [106] Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN, Taylor WC, Goodrick GK, Moye L. Simultaneous vs sequential counseling for multiple behavior change. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1152– 1158. 17563023 source

In the paper

“Most reported positive results (ie, the desired change in both PA and dietary behaviors).”

In the paper

“Among interventions described in Tables 2 and 3, several incorporated modeling, including use of in-person or video cooking demonstrations and personal PA training (having credible individuals demonstrate how to exercise and have the individual practice with them if possible).25,43,54,55,75,95,96”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, Burton LR. Use of personal trainers and financial incentives to increase exercise in a behavioral weight-loss program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66: 777– 783. 9803696 source
• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 1971– 1976. 9431286 PMC1381239 source

In the paper

“A 2003 meta-analysis19 was conducted on controlled clinical trials investigating interventions that primarily implemented motivational interviewing principles. Four studies demonstrated a combined ES of 0.53 (95% CI, 0.32 to 0.74) for diet and exercise, thereby indicating moderate efficacy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Burke BL, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71: 843– 861. 14516234 source

In the paper

“Overall, self-help approaches that provide nonindividualized brochures and other behavioral learning tools without any additional personal counseling appear to produce little benefit.55”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source

In the paper

“However, studies have not consistently resulted in improvements in related metabolic/vascular biomarkers (eg, serum lipids, blood pressure).”

In the paper

“Group-based interventions have been successful in both white28 and minority populations.76”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Womble LG, Sarwer DB, Phelan S, Cato RK, Hesson LA, Osei SY, Kaplan R, Stunkard AJ. Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2111– 2120. 16291981 source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Campbell MK, Demark-Wahnefried W, Symons M, Kalsbeek WD, Dodds J, Cowan A, Jackson B, Motsinger B, Hoben K, Lashley J, Demissie S, McClelland JW. Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: the Black Churches United for Better Health project. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89: 1390– 1396. 10474558 PMC1508774 source

In the paper

“The results of a meta-analysis of studies testing interventions to increase PA among older adults indicated that interventions targeting only PA resulted in higher ES than studies designed to change multiple health behaviors.65”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Conn VS, Valentine JC, Cooper HM. Interventions to increase physical activity among aging adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2002; 24: 190– 200. 12173676 source

In the paper

“Additional motivational interviewing studies reported increased fruit and vegetable consumption as part of general lifestyle change in whites and blacks,32,102,103 firefighters,71 smokers,93 and college students.104”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Prev Med. 2003; 36: 594– 600. 12689805 source
• Not checked yetcites [102] Resnicow K, Jackson A, Wang T, De AK, McCarty F, Dudley WN, Baranowski T. A motivational interviewing intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake through black churches: results of the Eat for Life trial. Am J Public Health. 2001; 91: 1686– 1693. 11574336 PMC1446855 source
• Not checked yetcites [103] Resnicow K, Jackson A, Blissett D, Wang T, McCarty F, Rahotep S, Periasamy S. Results of the healthy body healthy spirit trial. Health Psychol. 2005; 24: 339– 348. 16045368 source

In the paper

“Studies that focus on multiple behaviors have generally applied the same type of intervention strategy (eg, provision of education materials, counseling sessions, follow-up monitoring) to change each specific behavior.”

In the paper

“There is limited knowledge about the relative benefits of simultaneous versus sequential delivery of multiple PA and dietary behavior change interventions in adults.”

In the paper

“It is worth noting that additional studies published later than our time window or performed outside the United States have also shown mixed results for superiority of sequential versus simultaneous intervention strategies.115,116”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Vandelanotte C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Sallis JF, Spittaels H, Brug J. Efficacy of sequential or simultaneous interactive computer-tailored interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing fat intake. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 138– 146. 15823787 source
• Not checked yetcites [116] Vandelanotte C, Reeves MM, Brug J, De Bourdeaudhuij I. A randomized trial of sequential and simultaneous multiple behavior change interventions for physical activity and fat intake. Prev Med. 2008; 46: 232– 237. 17707079 source

In the paper

“However, the sequential intervention resulted in better maintenance of intervention effects at 2 years.117”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [117] Vandelanotte C, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Brug J. Two-year follow-up of sequential and simultaneous interactive computer-tailored interventions for increasing physical activity and decreasing fat intake. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 213– 219. 17447874 source

In the paper

“Evidence suggests that motivational interviewing can facilitate behavior change.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [19] Burke BL, Arkowitz H, Menchola M. The efficacy of motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71: 843– 861. 14516234 source

In the paper

“In a study involving individuals with mild hypertension, the use of nonindividualized educational mailers did not significantly decrease BP.118”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] Hunt JS, Siemienczuk J, Touchette D, Payne N. Impact of educational mailing on the blood pressure of primary care patients with mild hypertension. J Gen Intern Med. 2004; 19: 925– 930. 15333056 PMC1492526 source

In the paper

“The majority of studies with minority populations (18/25) included group-based intervention strategies.42,43,46–48,51–55,59,74–76,96,110,112”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA. Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005; 41: 488– 502. 15917045 source
• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Havas S, Anliker J, Damron D, Langenberg P, Ballesteros M, Feldman R. Final results of the Maryland WIC 5-A-Day Promotion Program. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88: 1161– 1167. 9702141 PMC1508288 source

In the paper

“In a meta-analysis of studies that tested interventions to increase PA among older adults, group-based intervention delivery resulted in larger ES than individual-based interventions.65”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Conn VS, Valentine JC, Cooper HM. Interventions to increase physical activity among aging adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Behav Med. 2002; 24: 190– 200. 12173676 source

In the paper

“A supermarket kiosk program providing onsite nutrition information also resulted in improvements in fat, fiber, fruit, and vegetable purchases and intake.33”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Anderson ES, Winett RA, Wojcik JR, Winett SG, Bowden T. A computerized social cognitive intervention for nutrition behavior: direct and mediated effects on fat, fiber, fruits, and vegetables, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations among food shoppers. Ann Behav Med. 2001; 23: 88– 100. 11394559 source

In the paper

“Among these, allbut1study46 demonstrated at least within-group positive changes in dietary or PA behaviors or improved CVD risk factors.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source

In the paper

“Of the trials in Table 3 with a group-based intervention delivery, approximately one third (n=9) incorporated the use of skill-building strategies.43,46,47,54,55,59,74,76,112”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] McNabb W, Quinn M, Kerver J, Cook S, Karrison T. The PATHWAYS church-based weight loss program for urban African-American women at risk for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1518– 1523. 9314627 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source

In the paper

“supplementing clinician advice with telephone counseling by a health educator was more effective in improving levels of PA than clinician advice alone.125”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [125] Pinto BM, Goldstein MG, Ashba J, Sciamanna CN, Jette A. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling for older primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29: 247– 255. 16242586 source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials testing interventions to promote PA among older adults found that individualized interventions consisting of a health risk appraisal, activity counseling, and/or cognitive-behavioral strategies resulted in increased PA levels for at least short term (1 year), compared with a control group.126”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [126] van der Bij AK, Laurant MG, Wensing M. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for older adults: a review. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 120– 133. 11818183 source

In the paper

“at 6 and 12 months, there were no significant differences in minutes of PA among the 3 groups.108”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Jakicic JM, Whiteley JA, Albrecht AE, Napolitano MA, Bock BC, Tate DF, Sciamanna CN, Parisi AF. A comparison of Internet and print-based physical activity interventions. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 944– 949. 17502536 source

In the paper

“Individualized counseling has been effectively provided by health educators and/or counselors,31,32,125 physicians,95 and/or other healthcare professionals.30”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [31] Green BB, McAfee T, Hindmarsh M, Madsen L, Caplow M, Buist D. Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 177– 183. 11897462 source
• Not checked yetcites [32] Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ, Karanja N, Smith KS. One-year results from a brief, computer-assisted intervention to decrease consumption of fat and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables. Prev Med. 2003; 36: 594– 600. 12689805 source
• Not checked yetcites [125] Pinto BM, Goldstein MG, Ashba J, Sciamanna CN, Jette A. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling for older primary care patients. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29: 247– 255. 16242586 source
• Not checked yetcites [95] Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Saperia GM, Stanek E, Nicolosi R, Merriam PA, Hurley TG. Effect of physician-delivered nutrition counseling training and an office-support program on saturated fat intake, weight, and serum lipid measurements in a hyperlipidemic population: Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH). Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 725– 731. 10218753 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source

In the paper

“Research has yet to establish when and for whom individual-only approaches are most appropriate.”

In the paper

“Another study found that Internet-only counseling was as effective for weight loss at 6 or 12 months as Internet-only counseling plus monthly in-person counseling.35”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Micco N, Gold B, Buzzell P, Leonard H, Pintauro S, Harvey-Berino J. Minimal in-person support as an adjunct to internet obesity treatment. Ann Behav Med. 2007; 33: 49– 56. 17291170 source

In the paper

“only the combined program decreased participants’ saturated fat intake, weight, and LDL cholesterol.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Ockene IS, Hebert JR, Ockene JK, Saperia GM, Stanek E, Nicolosi R, Merriam PA, Hurley TG. Effect of physician-delivered nutrition counseling training and an office-support program on saturated fat intake, weight, and serum lipid measurements in a hyperlipidemic population: Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH). Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 725– 731. 10218753 source

In the paper

“individual intervention approaches to promoting change seem to result in smaller or fewer changes in total diet or PA compared with group-only55 or combined individual- and group-based approaches.26,38,47,51”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2083– 2093. 12709466
• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modestlifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 348– 355. 11399781 source

In the paper

“Successful group-based interventions incorporate didactic education, counseling strategies, and multiple behavior change strategies such as goal setting and selfmonitoring.26,38”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR; Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 2083– 2093. 12709466
• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source

In the paper

“Three studies demonstrated that the combination of an Internet program (eg, weekly reporting and graphs of weight, recipes, and weight loss tips) plus E-counseling (eg, automated praise or feedback) resulted in greater weight loss than use of the Internet program alone.36,57,122”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. Effects of Internet behavioral counseling on weight loss in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1833– 1836. 12684363 source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing humane-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620– 1625. 16908795 source
• Not checked yetcites [122] Gold BC, Burke S, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, Harvey-Berino J. Weight losson the web: A pilot study comparing a structured behavioral intervention to a commercial program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15: 155– 164. 17228043 source

In the paper

“Commercial programs that use the group approach and a self-monitoring system to guide food restrictions (eg, Weight Watchers) appear to be more effective than self-help approaches.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Kolotkin RL, Miller-Kovach K, Pi-Sunyer FX. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289: 1792– 1798. 12684357 source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Heshka S, Greenway F, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Miller-Kovach K, Xavier Pi-Sunyer F. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. Am J Med. 2000; 109: 282– 287. 10996578 source

In the paper

“A strategy of interactive, computer-controlled telephone systems for educating participants about a healthy diet resulted in some improvements in fruit, fiber, and saturated fat intake.17”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Delichatsios HK, Friedman RH, Glanz K, Tennstedt S, Smigelski C, Pinto BM, Kelley H, Gillman MW. Randomized trial of a “talking computer” to improve adults’ eating habits. Am J Health Promot. 2001; 15: 215– 224. 11349340 source

In the paper

“Some group-based programs have included skill-building sessions such as food label reading; grocery shopping; methods for healthy cooking; practice using pedometers, exercise bands, or other exercise equipment; and walking groups.24,68”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. Arandomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months: PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 2007– 2017. 17135618 source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Yeh MC, Rodriguez E, Nawaz H, Gonzalez M, Nakamoto D, Katz DL. Technical skills for weight loss: 2-y follow-up results of a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27: 1500– 1506. 14634681 source

In the paper

“In group-based weight loss interventions, the greatest weight loss usually occurs within the first 6 months of the study.15,30,120”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Carels RA, Darby L, Cacciapaglia HM, Konrad K, Coit C, Harper J, Kaplar ME, Young K, Baylen CA, Versland A. Using motivational interviewing as a supplement to obesity treatment: a stepped-care approach. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 369– 374. 17500624 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob J, Orchard TJ, Sereika SM. Improving adherence to a cholesterol-lowering diet: a behavioral intervention study. Patient Educ Couns. 2005; 57: 134– 142. 15797163 source
• Not checked yetcites [120] Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Ard JD, Champagne C, Karanja N, Lin PH, Stevens VJ, Appel LJ. Reductions in dietary energy density are associated with weight loss in overweight and obese participants in the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 1212– 1221. 17490955 source

In the paper

“All these trials generally showed some positive changes related to diet and or weight.”

In the paper

“The optimal combination of behavior change strategies in multicomponent interventions has yet to be determined.”

In the paper

“The most commonly studied minorities were blacks and Hispanics.”

In the paper

“the results of the trials not including culturally sensitive interventions42,48,49,51,53,54,112 demonstrated within-and/or between-group differences in diet, PA, or related metabolic/vascular biomarkers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA. Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005; 41: 488– 502. 15917045 source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Havas S, Anliker J, Damron D, Langenberg P, Ballesteros M, Feldman R. Final results of the Maryland WIC 5-A-Day Promotion Program. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88: 1161– 1167. 9702141 PMC1508288 source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Keyserling TC, Samuel-Hodge CD, Ammerman AS, Ainsworth BE, Henríquez-Roldán CF, Elasy TA, Skelly AH, Johnston LF, Bangdiwala SI. A randomized trial of an intervention to improve self-care behaviors of African-American women with type 2 diabetes: impact on physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 1576– 1583. 12196430 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modestlifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 348– 355. 11399781 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Staten LK, Gregory-Mercado KY, Ranger-Moore J, Will JC, Giuliano AR, Ford ES, Marshall J. Provider counseling, health education, and community health workers: the Arizona WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 547– 556. 15257846 source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87: 1971– 1976. 9431286 PMC1381239 source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Stoddard AM, Palombo R, Troped PJ, Sorensen G, Will JC. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction: the Massachusetts WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 539– 546. 15257845 source

In the paper

“Relatively fewer studies (n=25) within the specified time period for this review (1997 to 2007) evaluated samples other than white middle- or upper middle-class Americans.”

In the paper

“Among nonminority populations (Table 2), all 10 multicomponent intervention trials reviewed demonstrated positive dietary and/or PA outcomes.”

In the paper

“several studies demonstrated that professional-only led interventions can also lead to improved diet and PA changes in minorities.42,45–47,93,103”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [42] Kumanyika SK, Shults J, Fassbender J, Whitt MC, Brake V, Kallan MJ, Iqbal N, Bowman MA. Outpatient weight management in African-Americans: the Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Program (HELP) study. Prev Med. 2005; 41: 488– 502. 15917045 source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, Campbell MK, Tawney KW, Aytur SA, Marshall SW, Will JC, Rosamond WD. Effects of a tailored follow-up intervention on health behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 557– 568. 15257847 source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30: 191– 200. 16336070 source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [93] Ahluwalia JS, Nollen N, Kaur H, James AS, Mayo MS, Resnicow K. Pathway to health: cluster-randomized trial to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among smokers in public housing. Health Psychol. 2007; 26: 214– 221. 17385973 source
• Not checked yetcites [103] Resnicow K, Jackson A, Blissett D, Wang T, McCarty F, Rahotep S, Periasamy S. Results of the healthy body healthy spirit trial. Health Psychol. 2005; 24: 339– 348. 16045368 source

In the paper

“Although intervention studies have been conducted that included Asian American and Native American populations, in most, numbers were insufficient to conduct ethnic-specific subgroup analyses.”

In the paper

“Notably, the effects of the intensive lifestyle treatment did not differ significantly by sex, race, or ethnicity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [38] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 393– 403. 11832527 PMC1370926 source

In the paper

“interventions conducted in work sites, clinics, communities, and churches can lead to improved dietary intake and PA levels among blacks and/or Hispanics.”

In the paper

“Studies in Hispanic populations often did not adequately address linguistic competency.”

In the paper

“Among the 16 multicomponent intervention trials involving minority populations (Table 3), most 47–53,55,74–76,81,102,112 demonstrated some positive changes in either dietary and/or PA behavior.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Coates RJ, Bowen DJ, Kristal AR, Feng Z, Oberman A, Hall WD, George V, Lewis CE, Kestin M, Davis M, Evans M, Grizzle JE, Clifford CK. The Women’s Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: changes in dietary intakes. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149(12): 1104– 1112. 10369504 source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Havas S, Anliker J, Damron D, Langenberg P, Ballesteros M, Feldman R. Final results of the Maryland WIC 5-A-Day Promotion Program. Am J Public Health. 1998; 88: 1161– 1167. 9702141 PMC1508288 source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Keyserling TC, Samuel-Hodge CD, Ammerman AS, Ainsworth BE, Henríquez-Roldán CF, Elasy TA, Skelly AH, Johnston LF, Bangdiwala SI. A randomized trial of an intervention to improve self-care behaviors of African-American women with type 2 diabetes: impact on physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 1576– 1583. 12196430 source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Mayer-Davis EJ, D’Antonio AM, Smith SM, Kirkner G, Levin Martin S, Parra-Medina D, Schultz R. Pounds off with empowerment (POWER): a clinical trial of weight management strategies for black and white adults with diabetes who live in medically underserved rural communities. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94: 1736– 1742. 15451743 PMC1448527 source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Racette SB, Weiss EP, Obert KA, Kohrt WM, Holloszy JO. Modestlifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obes Res. 2001; 9: 348– 355. 11399781 source
• Not checked yetcites [52] Rosal MC, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self-management among low-income Spanish-speaking patients: a pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 29: 225– 235. 15946117 source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Staten LK, Gregory-Mercado KY, Ranger-Moore J, Will JC, Giuliano AR, Ford ES, Marshall J. Provider counseling, health education, and community health workers: the Arizona WISEWOMAN project. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13: 547– 556. 15257846 source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Yanek LR, Becker DM, Moy TF, Gittelsohn J, Koffman DM. ProjectJoy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for African American women. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(suppl 1): 68– 81. 11889276 PMC1913665 source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Buller DB, Morrill C, Taren D, Aickin M, Sennott-Miller L, Buller MK, Larkey L, Alatorre C, Wentzel TM. Randomized trial testing the effect of peer education at increasing fruit and vegetable intake. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1491– 1500. 10469751 source
• Not checked yetcites [75] Kumanyika SK, Adams-Campbell L, Van Horn B, Ten Have TR, Treu JA, Askov E, Williams J, Achterberg C, Zaghloul S, Monsegu D, Bright M, Stoy DB, Malone-Jackson M, Mooney D, Deiling S, Caulfield J. Outcomes of a cardiovascular nutrition counseling program in African-Americans with elevated blood pressure or cholesterol level. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99: 1380– 1391. 10570675 source

In the paper

“Evidence suggests that older age per se does not significantly reduce the response to PA or dietary interventions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [159] Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Speller V, McVey D. Factors which influence ‘healthy’ eating patterns: results from the 1993 Health Education Authority health and lifestyle survey in England. Public Health Nutr. 1998; 1: 193– 198. 10933418 source
• Not checked yetcites [160] Stables GJ, Subar AF, Patterson BH, Dodd K, Heimendinger J, VanDuyn MA, Nebeling L. Changes in vegetable and fruit consumption and awareness among US adults: results of the 1991 and 1997 5 A Day for Better Health Program surveys. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 809– 817. 12067046 source
• Not checked yetcites [161] Wu SJ, Chang YH, Wei IL, Kao MD, Lin YC, Pan WH. Intake levels and major food sources of energy and nutrients in the Taiwanese elderly. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005; 14: 211– 220. 16169831
• Not checked yetcites [162] Steptoe A, Doherty S, Kerry S, Rink E, Hilton S. Sociodemographic and psychological predictors of changes in dietary fat consumption in adults with high blood cholesterol following counseling in primary care. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 411– 419. 11007149 source
• Not checked yetcites [163] Howarth NC, Huang TT, Roberts SB, Lin BH, McCrory MA. Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31: 675– 684. 16953255 source

In the paper

“Better health status has been associated with greater levels of PA.175–177”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] Norman A, Bellocco R, Vaida F, Wolk. Total physical activity in relation to age, body mass, health and other factors in a cohort of Swedish men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26: 670– 675. 12032752 source
• Not checked yetcites [176] Ainsworth BE, Wilcox S, Thompson WW, Richter DL, Henderson KA. Personal, social, and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in African-American women in South Carolina. Am J Prev Med. 2003; 25(suppl 1): 23– 29. 14499806 source
• Not checked yetcites [177] Ahmed NU, Smith GL, Flores AM, Pamies RJ, Mason HR, Woods KF, Stain SC. Racial/ethnic disparity and predictors of leisure-time physical activity among U.S. men. Ethn Dis. 2005; 15: 40– 52. 15720048

In the paper

“Neighborhoods in which lower socioeconomic status individuals often live may not be conducive to exercise due to high traffic, poor lighting, waste sites, infrastructure deterioration, high crime rates,151,153 and lack of availability of facilities that enable and promote PA.154,155”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] van Lenthe FJ, Brug J, Mackenbach JP. Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 60: 763– 775. 15571894 source
• Not checked yetcites [153] Lopez RP, Hynes HP. Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: public health research needs. Environ Health. 2006; 5: 25. 16981988 PMC1586006 source
• Not checked yetcites [154] Estabrooks PA, Lee RE, Gyurcsik NC. Resources for physical activity participation: does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Ann Behav Med. 2003; 25: 100– 104. 12704011 source
• Not checked yetcites [155] Powell LM, Slater S, Chaloupka FJ, Harper D. Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: a national study. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96: 1676– 1680. 16873753 PMC1551946 source

In the paper

“Evidence supports that acculturation of immigrants to the United States negatively influences healthy dietary patterns.156,157”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Smith WE, Day RS, Brown LB. Heritage retention and bean intake correlates to dietary fiber intakes in Hispanic mothers–Qué Sabrosa Vida. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 404– 411. 15746828 source
• Not checked yetcites [157] Barnes DM, Almasy N. Refugees’ perceptions of healthy behaviors. J Immigr Health. 2005; 7: 185– 193. 15900419 source

In the paper

“highly acculturated Hispanics ate fewer servings of fruits and vegetables per day compared with those not highly acculturated”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Smith WE, Day RS, Brown LB. Heritage retention and bean intake correlates to dietary fiber intakes in Hispanic mothers–Qué Sabrosa Vida. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 404– 411. 15746828 source
• Not checked yetcites [157] Barnes DM, Almasy N. Refugees’ perceptions of healthy behaviors. J Immigr Health. 2005; 7: 185– 193. 15900419 source

In the paper

“younger adults are more likely to cite time as the main constraint to exercise,164”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [164] Booth ML, Bauman A, Owen N, Gore CJ. Physical activity preferences, preferred sources of assistance, and perceived barriers to increased activity among physically inactive Australians. Prev Med. 1997; 26: 131– 137. 9010908 source

In the paper

“older adults most frequently cite poor health, including pain, reduced mobility, and low endurance.165”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [165] Booth ML, Owen N, Bauman A, Clavisi O, Leslie E. Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev Med. 2000; 31: 15– 22. 10896840 source

In the paper

“Community environments have been extensively investigated in relation to PA and diet.9,211–216”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [9] Marcus BH, Williams DM, Dubbert PM, Sallis JF, King AC, Yancey AK, Franklin BA, Buchner D, Daniels SR, Claytor RP. Physical activity intervention studies: what we know and what we need to know: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity); Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2006; 114: 2739– 2752. 17145995 source
• Not checked yetcites [211] Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Caulfield L, Tyroler HA, Watson RL, Szklo M. Neighborhood differences in diet: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999; 53: 55– 63. 10326055 PMC1756776 source
• Not checked yetcites [212] Wendel-Vos W, Droomers M, Kremers S, Brug J, van Lenthe F. Potential environmental determinants of physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2007; 8: 425– 440. 17716300 source
• Not checked yetcites [213] Heath GW, Brownson RC, Kruger J, Miles R, Powell K, Ramsey L; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2006; 3(suppl 1): S55– S76. 28834525 source
• Not checked yetcites [214] Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Muntaner C, Tyroler HA, Comstock GW, Shahar E, Cooper LS, Watson RL, Szklo M. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146: 48– 63. 9215223 source
• Not checked yetcites [215] Dubowitz T, Heron M, Bird CE, Lurie N, Finch BK, Basurto-Dávila R, Hale L, Escarce JJ. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and fruit and vegetable intake among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87: 1883– 1891. 18541581 PMC3829689 source
• Not checked yetcites [216] Wechsler H, Basch CE, Zybert P, Lantigua R, Shea S. The availability of low-fat milk in an inner-city Latino community: implications for nutrition education. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85: 1690– 1692. 7503346 PMC1615721 source

In the paper

“weight loss success was attributed to the best adherence to behavior and dietary recommendations.193–195”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [193] Williamson DA, Anton SD, Han H, Champagne CM, Allen R, LeBlanc E, Ryan DH, McManus K, Laranjo N, Carey VJ, Loria CM, Bray GA, Sacks FM. Adherence is a multi-dimensional construct in the POUNDS LOST trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010; 33: 35– 46. PMC3153914 19856202
• Not checked yetcites [194] Wadden TA, West DS, Neiberg RH, Wing RR, Ryan DH, Johnson KC, Foreyt JP, Hill JO, Trence DL, Vitolins MZ; Look AHEAD Research Group. One-year weight losses in the Look AHEAD Study: Factors associated with success. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009; 17: 713– 722. 19180071 PMC2690396 source
• Not checked yetcites [195] Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 859– 873. 19246357 PMC2763382 source

In the paper

“mandatory calorie labeling at point of purchase enacted by the New York City Health Department has provided expanded information for individuals about their food choices.208”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [208] Rutkow L, Vernick JS, Hodge JG Jr, Teret SP. Preemption and the obesity epidemic: state and local menu labeling laws and the nutrition labeling and education act. J Law Med Ethics. 2008; 36: 772– 789. 19094006 source

In the paper

“Conscientiousness and self-efficacy each have been reported to favorably impact adherence.187”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [187] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob JM, Hill MN. Compliance with cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: a review of the research. Ann Behav Med. 1997; 19: 239– 263. 9603699 source

In the paper

“Deficits in cognitive processing and memory can reduce adherence, particularly for complex regimens.184,185”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [184] Ruscin JM, Semla TP. Assessment of medication management skills in older outpatients. Ann Pharmacother. 1996; 30: 1083– 1088. 8893112 source
• Not checked yetcites [185] Nikolaus T, Kruse W, Bach M, Specht-Leible N, Oster P, Schlierf G. Elderly patients’ problems with medication: an in-hospital and follow-up study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996; 49: 255– 259. 8857069 source

In the paper

“The majority of studies reviewed (≈57%) contained samples that were predominantly (≥70%) female.”

In the paper

“the major provider barrier in the outpatient ambulatory setting is limited resources for counseling and sustained follow-up support.196”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [196] Pearson TA, McBride PE, Miller NH, Smith SC. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 8: Organization of Preventive Cardiology Service. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1039– 1047. 8609319 source

In the paper

“Physicians and nurses often cite their own lack of confidence in a person’s ability to use preventive strategies for long-term behavior change.200–205”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [200] Laschinger HK, McWilliam CL, Weston W. The effects of family nursing and family medicine clinical rotations on nursing and medical students’ self-efficacy for health promotion counseling. J Nurs Educ. 1999; 38: 347– 356. 10606129 source
• Not checked yetcites [201] LaDuke S. Nurses’ perceptions: is your nurse uncomfortable or incompetent? J Nurs Adm. 2000; 30: 163– 165. 10783693 source
• Not checked yetcites [202] McDonald PE, Tilley BC, Havstad SL. Nurses’ perceptions: issues that arise in caring for patients with diabetes. J Adv Nurs. 1999; 30: 425– 430. 10457245 source
• Not checked yetcites [203] McBride PE, Plane MB, Underbakke G. Hypercholesterolemia: the current educational needs of physicians. Am Heart J. 1992; 123: 817– 824. 1539543 source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Orlandi MA. Promoting health and preventing disease in health care settings: an analysis of barriers. Prev Med. 1987; 16: 119– 130. 3823010 source
• Not checked yetcites [205] Walsh JM, McPhee SJ. A systems model of clinical preventive care: an analysis of factors influencing patient and physician. Health Educ Q. 1992; 19: 157– 175. 1618625 source

In the paper

“Somatic factors related to side effects negatively impact adherence to most regimens.180,181,188”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [180] Haynes R, Taylor D, Sackett D. Compliance in Health Care. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1979.
• Not checked yetcites [181] Haynes RB, McDonald HP, Garg AX. Helping patients follow prescribed treatment: clinical applications. JAMA. 2002; 288: 2880– 2883. 12472330 source
• Not checked yetcites [188] Haynes RB, McDonald H, Garg AX, Montague P. Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002: CD000011. 12076376

In the paper

“Availability of social support positively influences PA and healthy food choices.29,189–192”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Wing RR, Jeffery RW. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67: 132– 138. 10028217 source
• Not checked yetcites [189] Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, Stone EJ, Rajab MW, Corso P. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 73– 107. 11985936 source
• Not checked yetcites [190] Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W. Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 1996– 2001. 12471307 source
• Not checked yetcites [191] Eyler AA, Brownson RC, Donatelle RJ, King AC, Brown D, Sallis JF. Physical activity social support and middle- and older-aged minority women: results from a US survey. Soc Sci Med. 1999; 49: 781– 789. 10459889 source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin A Paw M, van Mechelen W. The effects of a controlled worksite environmental intervention on determinants of dietary behavior and self-reported fruit, vegetable and fat intake. BMC Public Health. 2006; 6: 253. 17044935 PMC1626462 source

In the paper

“Providers face numerous barriers to assessment and counseling for therapeutic lifestyle change.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [196] Pearson TA, McBride PE, Miller NH, Smith SC. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 8: Organization of Preventive Cardiology Service. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1039– 1047. 8609319 source

In the paper

“a major provider barrier to adherence in the acute inpatient setting is a focus on the acuity of the presenting problem”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [196] Pearson TA, McBride PE, Miller NH, Smith SC. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 8: Organization of Preventive Cardiology Service. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1039– 1047. 8609319 source

In the paper

“The absence of males in most of the weight loss trials”

In the paper

“Individual differences in perception and assessment of costs and benefits of behavior change, when different from provider expectations, may alter responsiveness to interventions.186”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [186] Donovan JL, Blake DR. Patient non-compliance: deviance or reasoned decision-making? Soc Sci Med. 1992; 34: 507– 513. 1604357 source

In the paper

“several studies targeted blacks and Hispanics”

In the paper

“Although this representation of women is an improvement from that reported in an earlier review of 49 studies of compliance to pharmacological, exercise, nutritional, and smoking cessation therapies (85% male),187”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [187] Burke LE, Dunbar-Jacob JM, Hill MN. Compliance with cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: a review of the research. Ann Behav Med. 1997; 19: 239– 263. 9603699 source

In the paper

“Many of the studies reviewed included samples of predominantly well-educated whites”

In the paper

“Even modest sustained lifestyle changes can substantially reduce CVD morbidity and mortality.”

In the paper

“Providing regular feedback on goal attainment is important to instill a sense of learning and mastery.16”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Strecher VJ, Seijts GH, Kok GJ, Latham GP, Glasgow R, DeVellis B, Meertens RM, Bulger DW. Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1995; 22: 190– 200. 7622387 source

In the paper

“Under most circumstances, setting specific goals leads to higher performance compared with no goals or vague goals.16”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Strecher VJ, Seijts GH, Kok GJ, Latham GP, Glasgow R, DeVellis B, Meertens RM, Bulger DW. Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1995; 22: 190– 200. 7622387 source

In the paper

“Cognitive-behavioral strategies are an essential component of behavior change interventions.”

In the paper

“Several lines of evidence indicate that setting goals at the outset of the program is important to achieve the desired behavior change.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Strecher VJ, Seijts GH, Kok GJ, Latham GP, Glasgow R, DeVellis B, Meertens RM, Bulger DW. Goal setting as a strategy for health behavior change. Health Educ Q. 1995; 22: 190– 200. 7622387 source

In the paper

“Cardiovascular risk factors can be combated and controlled by adherence to current lifestyle recommendations.”

In the paper

“The use of goals is more successful when the goals are specific in outcome, proximal in terms of attainment, and realistic in terms of the individual’s capability.20”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman; 1997.

In the paper

“There are considerable published data to strongly support the benefits of PA and dietary changes as a means to decrease the morbidity and mortality of CVD and stroke in adults.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, Fuster V, Gotto A, Grundy SM, Miller NH, Jacobs A, Jones D, Krauss RM, Mosca L, Ockene I, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Starke RD, Taubert KA. AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1581– 1583. 11691544 source
• Not checked yetcites [8] Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH, Berra K, Blair SN, Costa F, Franklin B, Fletcher GF, Gordon NF, Pate RR, Rodriguez BL, Yancey AK, Wenger NK. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation. 2003; 107: 3109– 3116. 12821592 source
• Not checked yetcites [9] Marcus BH, Williams DM, Dubbert PM, Sallis JF, King AC, Yancey AK, Franklin BA, Buchner D, Daniels SR, Claytor RP. Physical activity intervention studies: what we know and what we need to know: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity); Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2006; 114: 2739– 2752. 17145995 source

In the paper

“Thus, both in whites and minority populations, self-monitoring appears to be an effective complement to behavioral intervention strategies.”

In the paper

“When combined with the use of group-based interventions, scheduled follow-up sessions provide several advantages, including social support from the peer group, an increased desire to succeed due to a sense of commitment to the group, and an opportunity to modify the program based on feedback from group members or the program leaders.”

In the paper

“The source with the greatest potential for increasing self-efficacy, mastery experiences, entails having a person successfully achieve a goal that is reasonable and proximal; for example, substituting fruit for a high-calorie dessert or being able to walk 1 mile.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Self-efficacy Bandura A. In: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986: 390– 453.

In the paper

“Perceived self-efficacy is a major determinant of performance independent of an individual’s actual underlying skill.20”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman; 1997.

In the paper

“The strength of perceived self-efficacy is particularly important, as individuals are more likely to both initiate a behavior and continue their efforts until success is achieved if their perceived self-efficacy is higher.20”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman; 1997.

In the paper

“Thus enhancement of an individual’s perceived self-efficacy can be incorporated into interventions to improve the likelihood of successful behavior change.”

In the paper

“Frequent contact with individuals helps establish trust between the provider and individual, a component of care especially important among racial/ethnic minority groups.70”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Boulware LE, Cooper LA, Ratner LE, LaVeist TA, Powe NR. Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Rep. 2003; 118: 358– 365. 12815085 PMC1497554 source

In the paper

“When goal setting is combined with receipt of performance feedback, individuals can use information about their current level of performance to set realistic goals for improvement.78”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Grant L, Evans A. Principles of Behavioral Analysis. New York: Harper Collins; 1994.

In the paper

“Healthcare provider feedback helps individuals learn new dietary or PA behavioral skills by providing an external measuring stick against which to assess their progress.77”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Patterson R. The new focus: Integrating behavioral science into disease management In: Patterson R, ed. Changing Patient Behavior: Improving Outcomes in Health and Disease Management. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 2001: 1– 21.

In the paper

“The mode of delivery may also influence efficacy.”

In the paper

“Exposure to models that are credible to participants can be an effective strategy to enhance skills for changing behavior and enhancing self-efficacy.82”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Self-efficacy Bandura A. In: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986: 390– 453.

In the paper

“Problem solving can be used to help an individual navigate barriers to behavior change (eg, negotiating support from the family when attempting dietary change).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] D’Zurilla T, Nezu AM. Social Problem Solving in Adults. New York: Academic Press; 1998.

In the paper

“Overall, there is general consensus that motivational interviewing offers an evidence-based approach for enhancing adherence to behavioral interventions, including dietary and PA change.”

In the paper

“Thus, whereas further research on optimal modes of delivery is needed, the evidence suggests that individualized print or media material are more effective than nonindividualized ones.”

In the paper

“having access to continued group support and ongoing contact for 2 years may be the salient features of these programs compared with a self-help approach.”

In the paper

“Combined individual-based approaches appear to be successful in creating behavior change.”

In the paper

“suggesting that supplementary strategies to most basic group-based approaches do not have a major effect on efficacy”

In the paper

“This is one of the few trials of sufficient size and follow-up duration to demonstrate that PA and dietary changes lead to reductions in clinical end points.”

In the paper

“These findings indicate that a nurse-led multidisciplinary team approach, coupled with support and involvement of an individual’s partner and family, can yield significant lifestyle improvements and cardiovascular risk factor reductions.”

In the paper

“Overall, individual-based interventions have been shown to be successful, at least for the short term (up to 1 year).”

In the paper

“Research suggests that people are more likely to hear and personalize messages, and thus to change their attitudes and behaviors, if they believe the messenger is similar to them and faces the same concerns and pressures.136”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [136] Sloane BC, Zimmer CG. The power of peer health education. J Am Coll Health. 1993; 41: 241– 245. 8514955 source

In the paper

“The use of the Internet can allow healthcare providers to reach a greater number of sedentary adults in a cost-effective manner”

In the paper

“An understanding of the target population appears essential to optimize delivery of Internet-based diet and PA behavior change interventions.”

In the paper

“The decision to maintain a behavior is dependent, at least in part, on whether the achieved outcomes associated with the new behavior pattern are sufficiently desirable to sustain the behavior (ie, on the individual’s perceived satisfaction with the outcomes of that behavior change).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Rothman AJ. Toward a theory-based analysis of behavioral maintenance. Health Psychol. 2000; 19: 64– 69. 10709949 source
• Not checked yetcites [158] Rothman A, Baldwin A, Hertel A. Self-regulation and behavior change: Disentangling behavioral initiation and behavioral maintenance In: Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, eds. The Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2004: 130– 148.

In the paper

“A synthesis of older studies indicated that a point-of-decision prompt to use the stairs instead of an elevator or escalator resulted in a median increase in stair climbing of 53.9%.189”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [189] Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, Heath GW, Howze EH, Powell KE, Stone EJ, Rajab MW, Corso P. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 73– 107. 11985936 source

In the paper

“have shown that experimentally reducing the availability of escalators and modeling more active behaviors increase stair use.217,218”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [217] Faskunger J, Poortvliet E, Nylund K, Rossen J. Effect of an environmental barrier to physical activity on commuter stair use. Scand J Nutr. 2003; 47: 26– 28. source
• Not checked yetcites [218] Adams MA, Hovell MF, Irvin V, Sallis JF, Coleman KJ, Liles S. Promoting stair use by modeling: An experimental application of the Behavioral Ecological Model. Am J Health Promot. 2006; 21: 101– 109. 17152249 source

In the paper

“More recent studies have confirmed the positive effects of signage on stair usage in public buildings190”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [190] Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W. Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 1996– 2001. 12471307 source

In the paper

“We also know that computer/Internet-based delivery strategies are effective for selected populations.”

In the paper

“have shown that experimentally reducing the availability of escalators and modeling more active behaviors increase stair use.217,218”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [217] Faskunger J, Poortvliet E, Nylund K, Rossen J. Effect of an environmental barrier to physical activity on commuter stair use. Scand J Nutr. 2003; 47: 26– 28. source
• Not checked yetcites [218] Adams MA, Hovell MF, Irvin V, Sallis JF, Coleman KJ, Liles S. Promoting stair use by modeling: An experimental application of the Behavioral Ecological Model. Am J Health Promot. 2006; 21: 101– 109. 17152249 source

In the paper

“More research is needed on weight loss interventions in men, among whom the obesity epidemic is similarly rampant.220”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [220] Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006; 295: 1549– 1555. 16595758 source

In the paper

“We know that individual, group, and multicomponent intervention delivery strategies are effective”

In the paper

“Evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioral strategies are an essential component of interventions targeting dietary and PA behavior change.”

In the paper

“as well as lower numbers of males who seek weight loss treatment or respond to recruitment efforts for studies that include men.24,62”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Burke LE, Styn MA, Steenkiste AR, Music E, Warziski M, Choo J. Arandomized clinical trial testing treatment preference and two dietary options in behavioral weight management: preliminary results of the impact of diet at 6 months: PREFER study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 2007– 2017. 17135618 source
• Not checked yetcites [62] Burke LE, Sereika SM, Music E, Warziski M, Styn MA, Stone A. Using instrumented paper diaries to document self-monitoring patterns in weight loss. Contemp Clin Trials. 2008; 29: 182– 193. 17702667 PMC2435095 source

In the paper

“a sufficient evidence base now exists to incorporate several specific strategies, as outlined in Table 4, into clinical practice.”