Microdomains, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis
Open accessAbstract
Elevated levels of cholesteryl ester (CE)–enriched apoB containing plasma lipoproteins lead to increased foam cell formation, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Unregulated uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by circulating monocytes and other peripheral blood cells takes place through scavenger receptors and over time causes disruption in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. As lipoproteins are taken up, their CE core is hydrolyzed by liposomal lipases to generate free cholesterol (FC). FC can be either re-esterified and stored as CE droplets or shuttled to the plasma membrane for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1–mediated efflux. Because cholesterol is an essential component of all cellular membranes, some FC may be incorporated into microdomains or lipid rafts. These platforms are essential for receptor signaling and transduction, requiring rapid assembly and disassembly. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 plays a major role in regulating microdomain cholesterol and is most efficient when lipid-poor apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) packages raft cholesterol into soluble particles that are eventually catabolized by the liver. If FC is not effluxed from the cell, it becomes esterified, CE droplets accumulate and microdomain cholesterol content becomes poorly regulated. This dysregulation leads to prolonged activation of immune cell signaling pathways, resulting in receptor oversensitization. The availability of apoAI or other amphipathic α-helix–rich apoproteins relieves the burden of excess microdomain cholesterol in immune cells allowing a reduction in immune cell proliferation and infiltration, thereby stimulating regression of foam cells in the artery. Therefore, cellular balance between FC and CE is essential for proper immune cell function and prevents chronic immune cell overstimulation and proliferation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lysosomal hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester generates unesterified cholesterol, which is re-esterified in the cytoplasm into cholesteryl ester droplets, leading to foam cell formation.
“the lysosomal hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester generates unesterified cholesterol molecules, which then exit the lysosomes and become re-esterified in the cytoplasm, with ensuing formation of cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester droplets that leads to foam cell formation, a hallmark of atherosclerosis.”
From Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Functional rafts in cell membranes
Simons, K., & Ikonen, E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42408 · Cited by 9,757 · see citing works
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Maseri, A. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0902.104353 · Cited by 7,724 · see citing works
The Role of Tumoral FOXP3 on Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Gastric Cancer
Zhang, L., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Huang, X., & Xu, Z. (2017) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000479442 · Cited by 4,090 · see citing works
NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals
Duewell, P., Kono, H., Rayner, K. J., Sirois, C. M., Vladimer, G., Bauernfeind, F. G., Abela, G. S., Franchi, L., Nuñez, G., Schnurr, M., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08938 · Cited by 4,026 · see citing works
Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake.
Boden, G., Chen, X., Ruiz, J., White, J. V., & Rossetti, L. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117252 · Cited by 3,702 · see citing works
Functions of lipid rafts in biological membranes.
Brown, D. A., & London, E. (1998) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.14.1.111 · Cited by 3,027 · see citing works
Srimaroeng, C., Cecile, J. P., Walden, R., & Pritchard, J. B. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350077 · Cited by 2,989 · see citing works
Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance
Moore, K. J., Sheedy, F. J., & Fisher, E. A. (2013) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3520 · Cited by 2,559 · see citing works
Identification of Scavenger Receptor SR-BI as a High Density Lipoprotein Receptor
Acton, S. L., Rigotti, A., Landschulz, K. T., Xu, S., Hobbs, H. H., & Krieger, M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5248.518 · Cited by 2,347 · see citing works
The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword
Hansson, G. K., & Libby, P. (2006) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1882 · Cited by 2,176 · see citing works
Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis
Khera, A. V., Cuchel, M., de la Llera-Moya, M., Rodrigues, A., Burke, M. F., Jafri, K., French, B. C., Phillips, J. A., Mucksavage, M. L., Wilensky, R. L., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1001689 · Cited by 1,943 · see citing works
Anderson, R. G. W. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.199 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ natural regulatory T cells in dominant self‐tolerance and autoimmune disease
Sakaguchi, S., Ono, M., Setoguchi, R., Yagi, H., Hori, S., Fehervari, Z. T., Shimizu, J., Takahashi, T., & Nomura, T. (2006) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00427.x · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Rafts defined: a report on the Keystone symposium on lipid rafts and cell function
PIKE, L. J. (2006) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.e600002-jlr200 · Cited by 1,500 · see citing works
Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity.
Tall, A. R., & Yvan-Charvet, L. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3793 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
The multiple faces of caveolae
Parton, R. G., & Simons, K. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2122 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport.
Fielding, C. J., & Fielding, P. E. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39898-9 · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works
Immune and Inflammatory Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis
Galkina, E., & Ley, K. F. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132620 · Cited by 1,446 · see citing works
The Response-to-Retention Hypothesis of Early Atherogenesis
Williams, K. J., & Tabas, I. (1995) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.15.5.551 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events
Rohatgi, A., Khera, A., Berry, J. D., Givens, E. G., Ayers, C. R., Wedin, K. E., Neeland, I. J., Yuhanna, I. S., Rader, D. R., de Lemos, J. A., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1409065 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Jonasson, L., Holm, J., Skalli, O., Bondjers, G., & Hansson, G. K. (1986) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.6.2.131 · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
Tacke, F., Alvarez, D., Kaplan, T. J., Jakubzick, C., Spanbroek, R., Llodra, J., Garin, A., Liu, J., Mack, M., van Rooijen, N., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28549 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Role of cholesterol and lipid organization in disease
Maxfield, F. R., & Tabas, I. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04399 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Świrski, F. K., Libby, P., Aikawa, E. R., Alcaide, P., Luscinskas, F. W., Weissleder, R., & Pittet, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29950 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
A Century of Cholesterol and Coronaries: From Plaques to Genes to Statins
Goldstein, J. L., & Brown, M. S. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.036 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
Leukocyte Behavior in Atherosclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure
Świrski, F. K., & Nahrendorf, M. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230719 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Brasaemle, D. (2007) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r700014-jlr200 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Cholesterol Efflux and Atheroprotection: Advancing the Concept of Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Rosenson, R. S., Brewer, H. B., Davidson, W. S., Fayad, Z. A., Fuster, V., Goldstein, J., Hellerstein, M., Jiang, X.-C., Phillips, M. C., Rader, D. J., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.066589 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
T Lymphocyte Costimulation Mediated by Reorganization of Membrane Microdomains
Viola, A., Schroeder, S., Sakakibara, Y., & Lanzavecchia, A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5402.680 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Membrane Compartmentation Is Required for Efficient T Cell Activation
Xavier, R. J., Brennan, T. V., Li, Q. S., McCormack, C., & Seed, B. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80577-4 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
HDL and cardiovascular disease
Rader, D. J., & Hovingh, G. K. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61217-4 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity
Canton, J., Neculai, D., & Grinstein, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3515 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
Dysfunctional HDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Rosenson, R. S., Brewer, H. B., Ansell, B. J., Barter, P., Chapman, M. J., Heinecke, J. W., Kontush, A., Tall, A. R., & Webb, N. R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2015.124 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
mTORC1 couples immune signals and metabolic programming to establish Treg-cell function
Zeng, H., Yang, K., Cloer, C., Neale, G. A. M., Vogel, P., & Chi, H. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12297 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Gidez, L. I., Miller, G. J., Burstein, M., Slagle, S., & Eder, H. (1982) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38059-7 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Detection of activated T lymphocytes in the human atherosclerotic plaque.
Hansson, G. K., Holm, J., & Jonasson, L. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 743 · see citing works
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters and HDL Suppress Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation
Yvan‐Charvet, L., Pagler, T. A., Gautier, E. L., Avagyan, S., Siry, R., Han, S., Welch, C. L., Wang, N., Randolph, G. J., Snoeck, H. W., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189731 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Lawn, R. M., Wade, D. P., Garvin, M. R., Wang, X., Schwartz, K., Porter, J. G., Seilhamer, J. J., Vaughan, A. M., & Oram, J. F. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci8119 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
LXR signaling couples sterol metabolism to proliferation in the acquired immune response
Bensinger, S. J., Bradley, M. N., Joseph, S. B., Zelcer, N., Janssen, E. M., Hausner, M. A., Shih, R., Parks, J. S., Edwards, P. A., Jamieson, B. D., et al. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.052 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime
Steinberg, D. H. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1102-1211 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Molecular biology of PCSK9: its role in LDL metabolism
HORTON, J., COHEN, J., & HOBBS, H. (2007) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.12.008 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Spann, N. J., Garmire, L. X., McDonald, J. G., Myers, D. S., Milne, S. B., Shibata, N., Reichart, D. R., Fox, J. N., Shaked, I., Heudobler, D., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.054 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Consequences of cellular cholesterol accumulation: basic concepts and physiological implications
Tabas, I. A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci16452 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Scavenger Receptors in Atherosclerosis: Beyond Lipid Uptake
Moore, K. J., & Freeman, M. W. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000229218.97976.43 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
HDL, ABC transporters, and cholesterol efflux: implications for the treatment of atherosclerosis
Tall, A. R., Yvan-Charvet, L., Terasaka, N., Pagler, T., & Wang, N. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.03.001 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Murphy, A. J., Akhtari, M., Tolani, S., Pagler, T., Bijl, N., Kuo, C.-L., Wang, M., Sanson, M., Abramowicz, S., Welch, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57559 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Generates Ly-6C high Monocytes That Infiltrate Atherosclerotic Lesions
Robbins, C. S., Chudnovskiy, A., Rauch, P. J., Figueiredo, J., Iwamoto, Y., Gorbatov, R., Etzrodt, M., Weber, G. F., Ueno, T., van Rooijen, N., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.061986 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Disruption of TGF-β signaling in T cells accelerates atherosclerosis
Robertson, A.-K. L., Rudling, M. J., Zhou, X., Gorelik, L., Flavell, R. A., & Hansson, G. K. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18607 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Control of PI(3) kinase in Treg cells maintains homeostasis and lineage stability
Huynh, A., DuPage, M. J. P., Priyadharshini, B., Sage, P. T., Quiros, J., Borges, C. M., Townamchai, N., Gerriets, V. A., Rathmell, J. C., Sharpe, A. H., et al. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3077 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The NLRP3 inflammasome in health and disease: the good, the bad and the ugly
Menu, P., & Vince, J. E. (2011) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04440.x · Cited by 387 · see citing works
van Gils, J. M., Derby, M. C., Fernandes, L. R., Ramkhelawon, B., Ray, T. D., Rayner, K. J., Parathath, S., Distel, E., Feig, J. L., Alvarez-Leite, J. I., et al. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2205 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
HDL-targeted therapies: progress, failures and future
Kingwell, B. A., Chapman, M. J., Kontush, A., & Miller, N. E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4279 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Interleukin-3 amplifies acute inflammation and is a potential therapeutic target in sepsis
Weber, G. F., Chousterman, B. G., He, S., Fenn, A. M., Nairz, M., Anzai, A., Brenner, T., Uhle, F., Iwamoto, Y., Robbins, C. S., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa4268 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Potteaux, S., Gautier, E. L., Hutchison, S. B., van Rooijen, N., Rader, D. J., Thomas, M. J., Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Randolph, G. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci43802 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationLymphatic vasculature mediates macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice
Martel, C., Li, W., Fulp, B. E., Platt, A. M., Gautier, E. L., Westerterp, M., Bittman, R., Tall, A. R., Chen, S., Thomas, M. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci63685 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationApolipoprotein Specificity for Lipid Efflux by the Human ABCAI Transporter
Remaley, A. T., Stonik, J. A., Demosky, S. J., Neufeld, E. B., Bocharov, A. V., Vishnyakova, T. G., Eggerman, T. L., Patterson, A. P., Duverger, N., Santamarina-Fojo, S., et al. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.4219 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Role of ABC transporters in lipid transport and human disease
Tarling, E. J., Vallim, T. Q. D. A., & Edwards, P. A. (2013) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.01.006 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Ito, A., Hong, C., Rong, X., Zhu, X., Tarling, E. J., Hedde, P. N., Gratton, E., Parks, J., & Tontonoz, P. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.08009 · Cited by 281 · cited 2× · see citing works
“ABCA1 under the control of the liver X receptor is the uniquely sensitive master controller of membrane cholesterol that regulates lipid raft composition.(27) ABCA1 was originally discovered while investigating the molecular defect in individuals with Tangier disease who lacked normal levels of plasma HDL.”
Netrin-1 inhibits leukocyte migration in vitro and in vivo
Ly, N. P., Komatsuzaki, K., Fraser, I. P., Tseng, A. A., Prodhan, P., Moore, K. J., & Kinane, T. B. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506233102 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Mechanisms That Regulate Macrophage Burden in Atherosclerosis
Randolph, G. J. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.301174 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice progresses independently of the NLRP3 inflammasome
Menu, P., Pellegrin, M., Aubert, J.-F., Bouzourène, K., Tardivel, A., Mazzolai, L., & Tschopp, J. (2011) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.18 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Leukocyte lipid bodies — Biogenesis and functions in inflammation
Bozza, P. T., Magalhães, K. G., & Weller, P. F. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.01.005 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Lipid rafts: now you see them, now you don't
Shaw, A. S. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1405 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Feig, J. E., Parathath, S., Rong, J. X., Mick, S. L., Vengrenyuk, Y., Grauer, L., Young, S. G., & Fisher, E. A. A. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.984146 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Lymphatic transport of high-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons
Randolph, G. J., & Miller, N. E. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci71610 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
ATP binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) is an intracellular sterol transporter
Tarling, E. J., & Edwards, P. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1113021108 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Bour‐Jordan, H., & Bluestone, J. A. (2009) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00775.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Regulation of Lipid Droplet Cholesterol Efflux From Macrophage Foam Cells
Ouimet, M. I., & Marcel, Y. L. (2011) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.240705 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Gotsman, I., Grabie, N., Gupta, R. M., DaCosta, R., MacConmara, M. P., Lederer, J. A., Sukhova, G. K., Witztum, J. L., Sharpe, A. H., & Lichtman, A. H. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.633263 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Caveolae and signalling in cancer
Martinez‐Outschoorn, U., Sotgia, F., & Lisanti, M. P. (2015) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3915 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Treating Atherosclerosis With Regulatory T Cells
Foks, A. C., Lichtman, A. H., & Kuiper, J. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.303568 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Adaptive (T and B Cells) Immunity and Control by Dendritic Cells in Atherosclerosis
Ait‐Oufella, H., Sage, A. P., Mallat, Z., & Tedgui, A. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.302761 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Adaptive immunity in atherogenesis: new insights and therapeutic approaches
Lichtman, A. H., Binder, C. J., Tsimikas, S., & Witztum, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci63108 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Effects of Altered Apolipoprotein A-I Structure on Plasma HDL Concentration
Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Thomas, M. J. (2002) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1050-1738(01)00163-3 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic Changes in Regulatory T Cells Are Linked to Levels of Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia
Maganto-García, E., Tarrio, M. L., Grabie, N., Bu, D.-X., & Lichtman, A. H. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.006411 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Lay, S. L., Hajduch, É., Lindsay, M. R., Lièpvre, X. L., Thiele, C., Ferré, P., Parton, R. G., Kurzchalia, T. V., Simons, K., & Dugail, I. (2006) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00406.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Paul, A., Chang, B. H.-J., Li, L., Yechoor, V. K., & Chan, L. (2008) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.107.168070 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Lipid Bodies in Inflammatory Cells
Melo, R. C. N., D’Ávila, H., Wan, H., Bozza, P. T., Dvořàk, A. M., & Weller, P. F. (2011) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/0022155411404073 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Treg-mediated suppression of atherosclerosis requires MYD88 signaling in DCs
Subramanian, M., Thorp, E. B., Hansson, G. K., & Tabas, I. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci64617 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
What Is So Special About Apolipoprotein AI in Reverse Cholesterol Transport?
Curtiss, L. K., Valenta, D. T., Hime, N. J., & Rye, K. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000194291.94269.5a · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Davidson, W. S., Gillotte, K. L., Lund‐Katz, S., Johnson, W. J., Rothblat, G. H., & Phillips, M. C. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.11.5882 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Chetty, P. S., Mayne, L. C., Lund‐Katz, S., Stranz, D. D., Englander, S. W., & Phillips, M. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909708106 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Lysosomal acid lipase: at the crossroads of normal and atherogenic cholesterol metabolism
Dubland, J. A., & Francis, G. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein A-I Modulates Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune LDLr−/−, ApoA-I−/− Mice
Wilhelm, A. J., Zabalawi, M., Owen, J. S., Shah, D., Grayson, J. M., Major, A. S., Bhat, S., Gibbs, D. P., Thomas, M. J., & Sorci‐Thomas, M. G. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.134130 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationCD4 and CD8 T cells require different membrane gangliosides for activation
Nagafuku, M., Okuyama, K., Onimaru, Y., Suzuki, A., Odagiri, Y., Yamashita, T., Iwasaki, K., Fujiwara, M., Takayanagi, M., Ohno, I., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1114965109 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein A-I and Its Role in Lymphocyte Cholesterol Homeostasis and Autoimmunity
Wilhelm, A. J., Zabalawi, M., Grayson, J. M., Weant, A. E., Major, A. S., Owen, J., Bharadwaj, M. S., Walzem, R. L., Chan, L., Oka, K., et al. (2009) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.183442 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationA novel view of the adult bone marrow stem cell hierarchy and stem cell trafficking
Ratajczak, M. Z. (2014) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2014.346 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Kruth, H. S. (2011) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32834adadb · Cited by 117 · see citing works
High Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis, Cholesterol Efflux, and Immune Cell Function
Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Thomas, M. J. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.112.300135 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationSalikhova, A. Y., Wang, L., Lanahan, A. A., Liu, M., Simons, M., Leenders, W. P. J., Mukhopadhyay, D., & Horowitz, A. (2008) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.108.183327 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., Owen, J. S., Fulp, B. E., Bhat, S., Zhu, X., Parks, J. S., Shah, D., Jerome, W. G., Gerelus, M., Zabalawi, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m026674 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationArmstrong, A. J., Gebre, A. K., Parks, J. S., & Hedrick, C. C. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0902372 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Shaw, P. X., Goodyear, C. S., Chang, M.-K., et al. (2003) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6151 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Shibuya, Y., Chang, C. C. Y., Huang, L.-H., Bryleva, E. Y., & Chang, T.-Y. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2567-14.2014 · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, genetic ablation of ACAT in AD mice diminished the levels of the AD marker, Aβ42, decreased the amyloid plaque burden of full-length human amyloid precursor protein, and improved cognitive function.(50) A recent gene therapy study in AD mice showed that adenoassociated virus targeting of ACAT1 for gene kn…”
Three-dimensional models of HDL apoA-I: implications for its assembly and function
Thomas, M. J., Bhat, S., & Sorci‐Thomas, M. G. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r800010-jlr200 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationDeletion of ABCA1 and ABCG1 Impairs Macrophage Migration Because of Increased Rac1 Signaling
Pagler, T. A., Wang, M., Mondal, M., Murphy, A. J., Westerterp, M., Moore, K. J., Maxfield, F. R., & Tall, A. R. (2011) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.110.228619 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sites and mechanisms of uptake and degradation of high density and low density lipoproteins
Pittman, R. C., & Steinberg, D. H. (1984) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34435-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of late endosome morphology, identity and sorting
Russell, M. R. G., Nickerson, D. P., & Odorizzi, G. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
den Hartigh, L. J., Connolly-Rohrbach, J. E., Fore, S., Huser, T. R., & Rutledge, J. C. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903475 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Acat1 Knockdown Gene Therapy Decreases Amyloid-β in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Murphy, S. R., Chang, C. C. Y., Dogbevia, G., Bryleva, E. Y., Bowen, Z., Hasan, M. T., & Chang, T. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.118 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Wüstner, D., Mondal, M., Tabas, I. A., & Maxfield, F. R. (2005) · Traffic · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00285.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The amplification of TCR signaling by dynamic membrane microdomains
Viola, A. (2001) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01938-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Free Cholesterol-Induced Cytotoxicity
Tabas, I. A. (1997) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1050-1738(97)00086-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Kennedy, D. J., Ramakrishnan, D. P., Yang, M., Huang, W., Li, Z., Xie, Z., Chadwick, A. C., Sahoo, D., & Silverstein, R. L. (2015) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aaa9623 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Regulation of ABCA1 functions by signaling pathways
Liu, Y., & Tang, C. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.015 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Marcil, M., Yu, L., Krimbou, L., Boucher, B., Oram, J. F., Cohn, J. S., & Genest, J. J. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.1.159 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lu, X., Perrard, X. D., Perrard, J. L., Yang, D., Xiao, X., Teng, B.-B., Simon, S. I., Ballantyne, C. M., & Wu, H. (2015) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.115.305609 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Cholesterol homeostasis: a key to prevent or slow down neurodegeneration
Anchisi, L., Dessı̀, S., Pani, A., & Mandas, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00486 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Moretti, S., Procopio, A. D., Lazzarini, R., et al. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2007-06-096529 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Foxp3+-Inducible Regulatory T Cells Suppress Endothelial Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment
Maganto-García, E., Bu, D.-X., Tarrio, M. L., Alcaide, P., Newton, G. A., Griffin, G. K., Croce, K., Luscinskas, F. W., Lichtman, A. H., & Grabie, N. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003947 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Anti-atherogenic mechanisms of high density lipoprotein: Effects on myeloid cells
Murphy, A. J., Westerterp, M., Yvan‐Charvet, L., & Tall, A. R. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Wang, W., Xu, H., Shi, Y., Nandedkar, S. D., Zhang, H., Gao, H., Feroah, T. R., Weihrauch, D., Schulte, M. L., Jones, D. W., et al. (2010) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m004549 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationThe separation of apolipoprotein D from cholesteryl ester transfer protein
Morton, R. E., & Zilversmit, D. B. (1981) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(81)90220-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
CD36 in Atherosclerosis: The Role of a Class B Macrophage Scavenger Receptor
NICHOLSON, A. C., Febbraio, M., Han, J., et al. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06307.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dinić, J., Riehl, A., Adler, J., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10082 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Drew, B. G., Hamidi, H., Zhou, Z., Villanueva, C. J., Krum, S. A., Calkin, A. C., Parks, B. W., Ribas, V., Kalajian, N. Y., Phun, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.606459 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jo, Y., Hartman, I. Z., & DeBose‐Boyd, R. A. (2012) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e12-07-0564 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ratajczak, M. Z., & Adamiak, M. (2015) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2015.66 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Membrane cholesterol and the regulation of signal transduction
Fielding, C. J., & Fielding, P. E. (2004) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0320065 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Akt Inhibition Promotes ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux to ApoA-I through Suppressing mTORC1
Dong, F., Mo, Z., Eid, W., Courtney, K. C., & Zha, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113789 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wang, M., Subramanian, M., Abramowicz, S., Murphy, A. J., Gonen, A., Witztum, J. L., Welch, C. L., Tabas, I. A., Westerterp, M., & Tall, A. R. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.303097 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Increased Membrane Cholesterol in Lymphocytes Diverts T-Cells toward an Inflammatory Response
Surls, J., Nazarov–Stoica, C., Kehl, M., Olsen, C. H., Casares, S. A., & Brumeanu, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038733 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
MHC class II association with lipid rafts on the antigen presenting cell surface
Anderson, H. A., & Roche, P. A. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.019 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ma, L., Dong, F., Zaid, M., Kumar, A., & Zha, X. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.413245 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Conformational Adaptation of Apolipoprotein A-I to Discretely Sized Phospholipid Complexes
Bhat, S., Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., Tuladhar, R., Samuel, M. P., & Thomas, M. J. (2007) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi700384t · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationTiniakou, I., Drakos, E., Sinatkas, V., Eck, M. V., Zannis, V. I., Boumpas, D. T., Verginis, P., & Kardassis, D. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402870 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zabalawi, M., Bhat, S., Loughlin, T., Thomas, M. J., Alexander, E. T., Cline, M., Bullock, B. C., Willingham, M. C., & Sorci‐Thomas, M. G. (2003) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63480-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, M., Zhao, D., Schouteden, S., Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., Veldhoven, P. P. V., Eggermont, K., Liu, C., Verfaillie, C. M., & Feng, Y. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.304006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationYin, K., Chen, W., Zhou, Z., Zhao, G., Lv, Y.-C., Ouyang, X.-P., Yu, X.-H., Fu, Y., Jiang, Z., & Tang, C. (2012) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.12823 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Abnormal CTLA‐4 function in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Jury, E. C., Flores‐Borja, F., Kalsi, H. S., Lazarus, M. N., Isenberg, D. A., Mauri, C., & Ehrenstein, M. R. (2009) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200939781 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ghosh, S. (2011) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.11.16 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Signal Transduction by HDL: Agonists, Receptors, and Signaling Cascades
Nofer, J. (2014) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Varela, L. M., Ortega‐Gómez, A., Bermúdez, B., López, S., Pacheco, Y. M., Villar, J. R., Abia, R., & Muriana, F. J. G. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.007765 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Up-Regulation of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Bocchetta, S., Maillard, P., Yamamoto, M., Gondeau, C., Douam, F., Lebreton, S., Lagaye, S., Pol, S., Helle, F., Plengpanich, W., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092140 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
ACAT as a Drug Target for Alzheimer’s Disease
Huttunen, H. J., & Kovacs, D. M. (2008) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000113705 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
den Hartigh, L. J., Altman, R., Norman, J., & Rutledge, J. C. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Segrest, J. P., Jones, M. K., Catte, A., et al. (2015) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2015.05.010 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cuthbert, J. A., & Lipsky, P. E. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47640-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Atomic force microscopy imaging of lipid rafts of human breast cancer cells
Orsini, F., Cremona, A., Arosio, P., et al. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.07.024 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Zabalawi, M., Bharadwaj, M. S., Horton, H., Cline, M., Willingham, M. C., Thomas, M. J., & Sorci‐Thomas, M. G. (2006) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m600370-jlr200 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationPollard, R. D., Blesso, C. N., Zabalawi, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.646240 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Early steps in reverse cholesterol transport
Ghosh, S. (2012) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283507836 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Unraveling the complexity of lipid body organelles in human eosinophils
Melo, R. C. N., & Weller, P. F. (2014) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3ru0214-110r · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Why Targeting HDL Should Work as a Therapeutic Tool, but Has Not
Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Thomas, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0b013e31829d48a5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDixon, A. M., Drake, L., Hughes, K. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.516997 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Conformation of Lipid-Free Human Apolipoprotein A-I in Solution
Pollard, R. D., Fulp, B. E., Samuel, M. P., Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Thomas, M. J. (2013) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi401080k · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthesis of Apolipoprotein E by Peripheral Tissues
Williams, D. L., Dawson, P. A., Newman, T. C., & Rudel, L. L. (1985) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11861.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cholesterol Balance in Prion Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease
Hannaoui, S., Shim, S. Y., Cheng, Y. C., Corda, E., & Gilch, S. (2014) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v6114505 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mallat, Z. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.304794 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tavori, H., Su, Y. R., Yancey, P. G., Giunzioni, I., Wilhelm, A. J., Blakemore, J. L., Zabalawi, M., Linton, M. F., Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., & Fazio, S. (2015) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m056408 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNazarov–Stoica, C., Surls, J., Bona, C. A., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.102 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dampening insulin signaling by an NLRP3 'meta-flammasome'
Choi, A. M. K., & Nakahira, K. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2028 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Involvement of cholesterol efflux pathway in the control of cardiomyocytes cholesterol homeostasis
Reboulleau, A., Robert, V., Vedie, B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.05.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Saulle, E., Riccioni, R., Coppola, S., Parolini, I., Diverio, D., Riti, V., Mariani, G., Laufer, S., Sargiacomo, M., & Testa, U. (2009) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07627.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neufeld, E. B., O'Brien, K., Walts, A. D., et al. (2014) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology3040866 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Inflammatory and Autoimmune Reactions in Atherosclerosis and Vaccine Design Informatics
Jan, M., Meng, S., Chen, N. C., Mai, J., Wang, H., & Yang, X. (2010) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2010/459798 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sorci‐Thomas, M. G., Pollard, R. D., & Thomas, M. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000211 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationJelínek, D., Patrick, S. M., Kitt, K. N., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.22339 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shirao, S., Yoneda, H., Shinoyama, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.260 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities
Bäck, M., Yurdagul, A., Tabas, I., Öörni, K., & Kovanen, P. T. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Kuwano, N., Kato, T. A., Setoyama, D., Sato-Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., Hayakawa, K., Ohgidani, M., Sagata, N., Kubo, H., Kishimoto, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Schröter, J., & Schiller, J. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/8386362 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sorci-Thomas, M. G., & Thomas, M. J.
- Affiliations
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- ORCID
- Thomas, Michael J.
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2016-02-19
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 679-691
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- PMC
- PMC5291489
- OpenAlex
- W2286296475
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12
- FWCI
- 24.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL112276, HL127649, R01HL112276, R01HL127649)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Keywords
- lipid rafts, atherosclerosis, foam cell formation, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, ABCA1, apolipoprotein A-I, scavenger receptors, low-density lipoprotein uptake, monocytes, inflammation, immune cell signaling, cholesterol homeostasis, microdomains
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteries, Cholesterol, Cholesterol Esters, Esterification, Foam Cells, Humans, Hydrolysis, Inflammation, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Lymphocyte Activation, T-Lymphocytes, Membrane Microdomains, Atherosclerosis, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
