Brown Adipose Tissue: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets
Open accessAbstract
O besity is a significant health challenge, with the latest projections estimating that there will be 2.16 billion overweight and 1.12 billion obese individuals globally by 2030.In addition to social stigmatization and impaired quality of life, obese people are faced with significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a number of cancers.Weight gain results from a sustained imbalance between energy intake (calories consumed) and energy expenditure (calories burned), resulting in positive energy balance.To tip energy balance toward weight loss, not only should food intake be decreased, but increasing physical activity may help.It is important to realize, however, that the secular rises in obesity over the past 3 to 4 decades can be explained by both physiological and environmental drivers and a number of putative factors (Figure 1).1,2 At one level, the obesity epidemic is a classic gene-environment interaction in which the human genotype is susceptible to environmental influences that affect energy intake and expenditure, with the obesogenic environment being dominant.These environmental factors include the 2 obvious explanations, ie, reduced physical activity and increased energy intake from high-calorie food and drinks, with the latter likely being the dominant factor.3 However, other less studied factors have been implicated, including longer time spent awake, increased mean age of mothers at first birth, decreased prevalence of smoking, presence of environmental pollutants, ingestion of many novel medications, and reduction in the variability of seasonal ambient temperature owing to the presence of almost ubiquitous air conditioning.4 Fundamentally, the obesity epidemic is explained by a dysregulation of energy balance in our obesogenic environment.Understanding the cause of obesity requires the study of how genetic and environmental factors interact to produce long-term positive energy balance.As a consequence of the obesogenic environment, the treatment of obesity requires intensive lifestyle modification.However, lifestyle modification in obese individuals tends to provide only transient success, and pharmacological treatment of obesity has often been disappointing and is very contentious because of the many safety concerns.Other approaches such as bariatric surgery are costly and not without risk.Thus, there is a concerted effort to find novel strategies to reduce excess body weight.This includes the potential of increasing energy expenditure via the stimulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), now known to be present in adult humans.We would expect that such physiological or pharmacological stimulation of thermogenesis (heat production) would lead to dissipation of at least some excess ingested calories.This review provides a historical overview on the research on BAT, highlights recent developments in the field, and concludes with a discussion of the relevant issues that need to be addressed before BAT is considered a therapeutic option for human obesity.
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Brown adipose tissue is metabolically more active than white adipose tissue and its distribution changes with age.
“Brown adipose (BAT) tissue is metabolically more active than white adipose tissue and its distribution changes with age.”
From Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause (2014) · cites this paper as [121]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Sun L, Xie H, Mori MA, Alexander R, Yuan B, Hattangadi SM, Liu Q, Kahn CR, Lodish HF. Mir193b-365 is essential for brown fat differen- tiation. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13:958 -65.
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- Authors
- Tam, C. S., Lecoultre, V., & Ravussin, E.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- From Human Physiology, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2012-06-05
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2782-2791
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2127690282
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, obesity, thermogenesis, energy balance, obesogenic environment, gene-environment interaction, energy expenditure, lifestyle modification, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Body Composition, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, Thermogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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