Dietary Linoleic Acid and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Open accessAbstract
Background—: Previous studies on intake of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant n-6 fatty acid, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk have generated inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to summarize the evidence regarding the relation of dietary LA intake and CHD risk. Methods and Results—: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through June 2013 for prospective cohort studies that reported the association between dietary LA and CHD events. In addition, we used unpublished data from cohort studies in a previous pooling project. We pooled the multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) to compare the highest with the lowest categories of LA intake using fixed-effect meta-analysis. We identified 13 published and unpublished cohort studies with a total of 310 602 individuals and 12 479 total CHD events, including 5882 CHD deaths. When the highest category was compared with the lowest category, dietary LA was associated with a 15% lower risk of CHD events (pooled RR, 0.85; 95% confidence intervals, 0.78–0.92; I 2 =35.5%) and a 21% lower risk of CHD deaths (pooled RR, 0.79; 95% confidence intervals, 0.71–0.89; I 2 =0.0%). A 5% of energy increment in LA intake replacing energy from saturated fat intake was associated with a 9% lower risk of CHD events (RR, 0.91; 95% confidence intervals, 0.87–0.96) and a 13% lower risk of CHD deaths (RR, 0.87; 95% confidence intervals, 0.82–0.94). Conclusions—: In prospective observational studies, dietary LA intake is inversely associated with CHD risk in a dose–response manner. These data provide support for current recommendations to replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat for primary prevention of CHD.
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Compared to any of these broad categories, polyunsaturated fat appears to be similarly beneficial.
“Compared to any of these broad categories, polyunsaturated fat appears to be similarly beneficial.350”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [350]
LA has similar CHD benefits whether replacing carbohydrate or saturated fat.
“LA has similar CHD benefits whether replacing carbohydrate or saturated fat (see Saturated fat, above).349, 350”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [350]
LA is associated with significantly lower risk of CHD, whether in comparison to carbohydrate or saturated fat; and in meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, consumption of n-6 rich vegetable oils, in place of animal fats, reduces CHD events.
“LA is also associated with significantly lower risk of CHD (Figure 7), whether in comparison to carbohydrate or saturated fat;350 and in meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, consumption of n-6 rich vegetable oils, in place of animal fats, reduces CHD events (Figure 7).349”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [350]
The CHD risk reduction benefit of polyunsaturated fat includes linoleic acid.
“This benefit of polyunsaturated fat includes the primary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (158,159).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [159]
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- Authors
- Farvid, M. S., Ding, M., Pan, A., Sun, Q., Chiuve, S. E., Steffen, L. M., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2014-10-28
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1568-1578
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC4334131
- OpenAlex
- W2127287605
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA055075, UM1CA167552, U01CA167552)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Keywords
- linoleic acid, dietary fat intake, coronary artery disease, omega-6 fatty acids, saturated fat replacement, polyunsaturated fat, cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease mortality, dose-response relationship, primary prevention
- MeSH terms
- Coronary Disease, Dietary Fats, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Linoleic Acid, Observational Studies as Topic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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