Cited by 102Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismAction Observation and SynchronizationEmbodied and Extended Cognition

The relationship of language and emotion: n400 support for an embodied view of language comprehension.

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Chwilla, Dorothee J., Virgillito, Daniele, Vissers, Constance Th. W. M.·2011·Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Abstract

According to embodied theories, the symbols used by language are meaningful because they are grounded in perception, action, and emotion. In contrast, according to abstract symbol theories, meaning arises from the syntactic combination of abstract, amodal symbols. If language is grounded in internal bodily states, then one would predict that emotion affects language. Consistent with this, advocates of embodied theories propose a strong link between emotion and language [Havas, D., Glenberg, A. M., & Rinck, M. Emotion simulation during language comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 436–441, 2007; Niedenthal, P. M. Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002–1005, 2007]. The goal of this study was to test abstract symbol vs. embodied views of language by investigating whether mood affects semantic processing. To this aim, we induced different emotional states (happy vs. sad) by presenting film clips that displayed fragments from a happy movie or a sad movie. The clips were presented before and during blocks of sentences in which the cloze probability of mid-sentence critical words varied (high vs. low). Participants read sentences while ERPs were recorded. The mood induction procedure was successful: Participants watching the happy film clips scored higher on a mood scale than those watching the sad clips. For N400, mood by cloze probability interactions were obtained. The N400 cloze effect was strongly reduced in the sad mood compared with the happy mood condition. Furthermore, a difference in late positivity was only present for the sad mood condition. The mood by semantic processing interaction observed for N400 supports embodied theories of meaning and challenges abstract symbol theories that assume that processing of word meaning reflects a modular process.

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  1. Schwarz, N. (2002). Situated cognition and the wisdom of feelings: Cognitive tuning. In L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feelings (pp. 144-166). New York: Guilford Press.
  2. Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating condition of facial expressions: A non-obtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-777.
  3. Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580.

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Authors
Chwilla, D. J., Virgillito, D., & Vissers, C. T. W. M.
Affiliations
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
  • University of Bologna (IT)
Venue
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Published
2011-09-01
Volume
23
Issue
9
Pages
2400-2414
ISSN
  • 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
  • 1530-8898
OpenAlex
W2092103714
Cited by
101
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
FWCI
2.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Radboud Universiteit
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
Keywords
language comprehension, emotions, embodied cognition, N400, mood induction, semantic processing, cloze probability, late positive potential, emotion simulation, word meaning
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Reaction Time, Reading, Statistics as Topic, Symbolism, Comprehension, Young Adult

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