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The Significance of Basal Insulin Levels in the Evaluation of the Insulin Response to Glucose in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Subjects*
Open accessAbstract
The level of insulin after an overnight fast (basal) in 37 obese and nonobese male subjects with normal and abnormal carbohydrate tolerance was directly related to the increase in insulin concentration during a 3 hr 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. Obesity, but not diabetes, was associated with an elevation of this basal insulin level. Thus obesity predicted with the magnitude of the insulin response to glucose ingestion. When the individual insulin values were expressed as per cent change from the basal level, this effect of obesity was excluded. The insulin levels of all subjects with normal carbohydrate tolerance promptly rose 5-7-fold, and reached peak values 1 hr after oral glucose. In contrast, the diabetic response (as per cent increase) was markedly reduced during the 1st hr, and maximal (but still subnormal) insulin levels were not attained until 2 hr. In all subjects the insulin response (quantitated by calculation of the area circumscribed by a plot of the per cent change in insulin with time) showed a significant inverse correlation with the glucose response. Thus increasing degrees of carbohydrate intolerance were associated with decreasing insulin responses. Elevated levels of insulin, in both the basal state and in response to glucose, were related to obesity.
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“Interestingly, insulin levels are higher in diabesity patients than in normal-weight T2D subjects,21 implying that the islet beta-cell pathology is more severe in the latter group and that peripheral tissue insulin resistance contributes more to the disease phenotype in overweight T2D patients.”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It is well established that there is a generally directly proportional relationship between BMI and both fasting and postprandial insulin levels.21,22”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Although it is known that the postprandial insulin response is similarly impaired in overweight and normal-weight T2D patients (determined by measuring the increase in insulin levels in comparison to fasting levels), absolute insulin levels are higher in overweight patients compared to disease-free normal-weight subjects, during both fasting and the postprandial period,21 which strongly suggests”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Both hormones circulate at levels that vary in proportion to body fat stores (4, 39)”
From Leptin and the Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Metabolism (2011) · cites this paper as [4]
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Grey, N., & Kipnis, D. M. (1971) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197110072851504 · Cited by 156
β-Cell Fate in Human Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: A Perspective on Islet Plasticity
Mezza, T., Cinti, F., CEFALO, C. M. A., Pontecorvi, A., Kulkarni, R., & Giaccari, A. (2019) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db18-0856 · Cited by 160
Acute third ventricular administration of insulin decreases food intake in two paradigms
Air, E. L., Benoit, S. C., Smith, K. A. B., Clegg, D. J., & Woods, S. C. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00780-8 · Cited by 151
Increase of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity with weight loss.
Schwartz, R. S., & Brunzell, J. D. (1981) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110171 · Cited by 153
Metadata
- Authors
- Bagdade, J. D., Bierman, E. L., & Porte, D.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- ORCID
- Bagdade, John D.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1967-10-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1549-1557
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC292903
- OpenAlex
- W2164252720
- Cited by
- 672
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 36.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- basal insulin, insulin response to glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, obesity, diabetes mellitus, carbohydrate intolerance, insulin secretion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity
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