Cited by 784Tryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and CortisolNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

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Cytokines and the Brain: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry

Kronfol, Ziad, Remick, Daniel G.·2000·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.683

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews recent developments in cytokine biology that are relevant to clinical psychiatry. METHOD: The authors reviewed English-language literature of the last 15 years that pertains to the biology of cytokines with emphasis on central nervous system effects in general and psychiatric disorders in particular. RESULTS: Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to providing communication between immune cells, specific cytokines play a role in signaling the brain to produce neurochemical, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and behavioral changes. This signaling may be part of a generalized, comprehensive mechanism to mobilize resources in the face of physical and/or psychological stress and to maintain homeostasis. The clinical implications of these findings are far-reaching and include a possible role for cytokines in the pathophysiology of specific psychiatric disorders such as major depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of cytokines in the central nervous system may provide a possible mechanism for the "sickness behavior" of patients with severe infection or cancer, as well as for the neuropsychiatric adverse effects of treatment with interferons and interleukins. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the role of cytokines in various brain activities will enhance knowledge of specific psychobiological mechanisms in health and disease and provide opportunities for novel treatment interventions.

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Authors: Kronfol, Z., & Remick, D. G.
Affiliations: Michigan Medicine (US)
ORCID: Kronfol, Ziad
Remick, Daniel G.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2000-05-01
Volume: 157
Issue: 5
Pages: 683-694
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.683
OpenAlex: W2134144722
Cited by: 784
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 14.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: cytokines, neuroimmunology, central nervous system, mental illness, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, sickness behavior, interferon adverse effects, stress response, homeostasis, psychobiological mechanisms
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Immunogenetics, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Neuroimmunomodulation, Cytokines

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Cytokines and the Brain: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry

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