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Cytokines and the Brain: Implications for Clinical Psychiatry
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This article reviews recent developments in cytokine biology that are relevant to clinical psychiatry. METHOD: The authors reviewed English-language literature of the last 15 years that pertains to the biology of cytokines with emphasis on central nervous system effects in general and psychiatric disorders in particular. RESULTS: Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to providing communication between immune cells, specific cytokines play a role in signaling the brain to produce neurochemical, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and behavioral changes. This signaling may be part of a generalized, comprehensive mechanism to mobilize resources in the face of physical and/or psychological stress and to maintain homeostasis. The clinical implications of these findings are far-reaching and include a possible role for cytokines in the pathophysiology of specific psychiatric disorders such as major depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of cytokines in the central nervous system may provide a possible mechanism for the "sickness behavior" of patients with severe infection or cancer, as well as for the neuropsychiatric adverse effects of treatment with interferons and interleukins. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the role of cytokines in various brain activities will enhance knowledge of specific psychobiological mechanisms in health and disease and provide opportunities for novel treatment interventions.
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“Proinflammatory cytokines include IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Anti-inflammatory cytokines include IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, and TGF-β[4].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kronfol, Z., & Remick, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2000-05-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 683-694
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2134144722
- Cited by
- 784
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 14.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- cytokines, neuroimmunology, central nervous system, mental illness, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, sickness behavior, interferon adverse effects, stress response, homeostasis, psychobiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Immunogenetics, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Neuroimmunomodulation, Cytokines
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