Adult Outcomes of Youth Irritability: A 20-Year Prospective Community-Based Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Irritability is a widely occurring DSM-IV symptom in youths. However, little is known about the relationship between irritability in early life and its outcomes in mid-adulthood. This study examines the extent to which youth irritability is related to adult psychiatric outcomes by testing the hypothesis that it predicts depressive and generalized anxiety disorders. METHOD: The authors conducted a longitudinal community-based study of 631 participants whose parents were interviewed when participants were in early adolescence (mean age=13.8 years [SD=2.6]) and who were themselves interviewed 20 years later (mean age=33.2 years [SD=2.9]). Parent-reported irritability in adolescence was used to predict self-reported psychopathology, assessed by standardized diagnostic interview at 20-year follow-up. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, irritability in adolescence was widely associated with other psychiatric disorders. After adjustment for baseline emotional and behavioral disorders, irritability in adolescence predicted major depressive disorder (odds ratio=1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00-1.78]), generalized anxiety disorder (odds ratio=1.72, 95% CI=1.04-2.87), and dysthymia (odds ratio=1.81, 95% CI=1.06-3.12) at 20-year follow-up. Youth irritability did not predict bipolar disorder or axis II disorders at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Youth irritability as reported by parents is a specific predictor of self-reported depressive and anxiety disorders 20 years later. The role of irritability in developmental psychiatry, and in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders specifically, should receive further study.
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Some behavioral dyscontrol with chronic irritability in fact did predict depression in later life.
“The answer was complex, as some behavioral dyscontrol with chronic irritability in fact did predict depression in later life (17,18)”
From Pediatric psychopharmacology: Too much or too little? (2013) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Stringaris, A., Cohen, P., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1048-1054
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC2791884
- OpenAlex
- W2142575168
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 22.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- irritability, adolescence, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, developmental psychiatry, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, parent-reported symptoms, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Irritable Mood, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New York, Parents, Probability, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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