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Basal Ganglia Surface Morphology and the Effects of Stimulant Medications in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Disturbances in the basal ganglia portions of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits likely contribute to the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The authors examined the morphologic features of the basal ganglia nuclei (caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) in children with ADHD. METHOD: A total of 104 individuals (combined-type ADHD patients: N=47; healthy comparison subjects: N=57), aged 7 to 18 years, were examined in a cross-sectional case-control study using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Conventional volumes and the surface morphology for the basal ganglia were measured. RESULTS: Overall volumes were significantly smaller only in the putamen. Analysis of the morphological surfaces revealed significant inward deformations in each of the three nuclei, localized primarily in portions of these nuclei that are components of limbic, associative, and sensorimotor pathways in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits in which these nuclei reside. The more prominent these inward deformations were in the patient group, the more severe the ADHD symptoms. Surface analyses also demonstrated significant outward deformations of all basal ganglia nuclei in the ADHD children treated with stimulants compared with those ADHD youth who were untreated. These stimulant-associated enlargements were in locations similar to the reduced volumes detected in the ADHD group relative to the comparison group. The outward deformations associated with stimulant medications attenuated the statistical effects of the primary group comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: These findings potentially represent evidence of anatomical dysregulation in the circuitry of the basal ganglia in children with ADHD and suggest that stimulants may normalize morphological features of the basal ganglia in children with the disorder.
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“Retrospective structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comparisons found that medicated relative to unmedicated ADHD patients had more normal white matter (79) and cortical thinning development in left IFG, premotor, and parietal regions (80); basal ganglia morphology (81); and sizes of thalamus (82), anterior cingulate (83), cerebellum (84), and corpus callosum (85), suggesting a neuro”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [81]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sobel, L. J., Bansal, R., Maia, T. V., Sanchez, J., Mazzone, L., Durkin, K., Liu, J., Hao, X., Ivanov, I., Miller, A., Greenhill, L. L., & Peterson, B. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peterson, Bradley S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-08-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 977-986
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC4254769
- OpenAlex
- W2161760134
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh074677-05)
- U.S. Public Health Service (K-02-74677)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59139, R01MH059139, R01MH068318, MH 068318, K02-74677, K02-MH-074677)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, basal ganglia, surface morphology, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, stimulant medication, cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit, brain volume, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Caudate Nucleus, Child, Female, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Putamen, Severity of Illness Index
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