Mapping the Development of the Basal Ganglia in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective The basal ganglia are implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known of their development in the disorder. Here, we mapped basal ganglia development from childhood into late adolescence using methods that define surface morphology with an exquisite level of spatial resolution.Method Surface morphology of the basal ganglia was defined from neuroanatomic magnetic resonance images acquired in 270 youth with DSM-IV-defined ADHD and 270 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls; 220 individuals were scanned at least twice. Using linear mixed model regression, we mapped developmental trajectories from age 4 through 19 years at approximately 7,500 surface vertices in the striatum and globus pallidus.Results In the ventral striatal surfaces, there was a diagnostic difference in developmental trajectories (t = 5.6, p < .0001). Here, the typically developing group showed surface area expansion with age (estimated rate of increase of 0.54 mm(2) per year, standard error [SE] 0.29 mm(2) per year), whereas the ADHD group showed progressive contraction (decrease of 1.75 mm(2) per year, SE 0.28 mm(2) per year). The ADHD group also showed significant, fixed surface area reductions in dorsal striatal regions, which were detected in childhood at study entry and persisted into adolescence. There was no significant association between history of psychostimulant treatment and developmental trajectories.Conclusions Progressive, atypical contraction of the ventral striatal surfaces characterizes ADHD, localizing to regions pivotal in reward processing. This contrasts with fixed, nonprogressive contraction of dorsal striatal surfaces in regions that support executive function and motor planning.
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The findings support the hypotheses of a developmental delay in VLPFC-insular-striatal networks in ADHD and an alteration in frontostriatal development in OCD with larger and overactive basal ganglia that are poorly controlled by underdeveloped and underactive medial frontal structures of top-down control.
“The findings support the hypotheses of a developmental delay in VLPFC‐insular‐striatal networks in ADHD (Rubia et al. 2014; Shaw et al. 2014) and an alteration in frontostriatal development in OCD with larger and overactive basal ganglia that are poorly controlled by underdeveloped and underactive medial frontal structures of top‐down control (Gillan and Robbins 2014; Melloni et al. 2012).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Shaw et al. 2014
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor ventral striatal surfaces, control individuals showed surface area expansion with age, whereas patients with ADHD experienced a progressive contraction of the surface area.
“Furthermore, for ventral striatal surfaces, control individuals showed surface area expansion with age, whereas patients with ADHD experienced a progressive contraction of the surface area.”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [87]
A longitudinal MRI study found lower basal ganglion volumes and reduced dorsal surface area in adolescents with ADHD compared with controls, and this difference did not change as patients aged.
“For example, a longitudinal MRI study found lower basal ganglion volumes and reduced dorsal surface area in adolescents with ADHD compared with controls, and this difference did not change as patients aged 87 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [87]
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- Authors
- Shaw, P., De Rossi, P., Watson, B., Wharton, A., Greenstein, D., Raznahan, A., Sharp, W., Lerch, J. P., & Chakravarty, M. M.
- Affiliations
- National Human Genome Research Institute (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, Philip
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 780-789.e11
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10461726
- OpenAlex
- W2023761384
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 12.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Hospital for Sick Children
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 HG999999)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute (ZIAHG200378)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, basal ganglia, striatum, globus pallidus, brain development, ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, surface area, developmental trajectories, psychostimulant treatment, reward processing, executive function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult, Ventral Striatum
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