Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going?
Open accessAbstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows unprecedented access to the anatomy and physiology of the developing brain without the use of ionizing radiation. Over the past two decades, thousands of brain MRI scans from healthy youth and those with neuropsychiatric illness have been acquired and analyzed with respect to diagnosis, sex, genetics, and/or psychological variables such as IQ. Initial reports comparing size differences of various brain components averaged across large age spans have given rise to longitudinal studies examining trajectories of development over time and evaluations of neural circuitry as opposed to structures in isolation. Although MRI is still not of routine diagnostic utility for evaluation of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders, patterns of typical versus atypical development have emerged that may elucidate pathologic mechanisms and suggest targets for intervention. In this review we summarize general contributions of structural MRI to our understanding of neurodevelopment in health and illness.
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Prefrontal cortex structural maturation follows a prolonged course.
“the PFC exhibits a protracted course of structural maturation”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [17]
The dynamic interplay between limbic and cognitive systems during adolescence is insufficiently appreciated.
“the lack of appreciation for the dynamic interplay between limbic and cognitive systems during adolescence [9,11,17]”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [17]
Gray matter loss during adolescence is not spatially uniform; it occurs at different times and rates in different brain regions.
“Gray matter loss during adolescence is not spatially uniform across the brain, and instead, occurs at different times and rates in different brain regions”
From Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking (2013) · cites this paper as Giedd & Rapoport, 2010
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- Authors
- Giedd, J. N., & Rapoport, J. L.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giedd, Jay N.
- ORCID
- Giedd, Jay N.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 728-734
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3285464
- OpenAlex
- W1996474046
- Cited by
- 836
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002581)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- child brain development, structural MRI, brain development, brain size, neural circuits, neuropsychiatric disorders, sex differences, genetic factors, IQ, atypical development, pathophysiological mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Environment, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pediatrics, Schizophrenia, Sex Characteristics
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