Cited by 947Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B., Harp, Diane, Jung, Woo Sik·2002·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164402062004005

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0013164402062004005

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x · Cited by 3,238
Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791
Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
Smart, J. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5666-6 · Cited by 2,368
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
Joseph, M. (2000) · Cited by 2,242
The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas.
Biglan, A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034701 · Cited by 1,829
Understanding Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: A Conceptual Primer on Coefficient Alpha
Henson, R. K. (2001) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069034 · Cited by 1,067
Relationships between subject matter characteristics and the structure and output of university departments.
Biglan, A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034699 · Cited by 873
Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. H. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.469 · Cited by 793
The State--Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version: structure and content re-examined
Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00023-0 · Cited by 690

Show all 66 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Henson, R. K. , & Thompson, B. (in press). Characterizing measurement error in scores across studies: Some recommendations for conducting “Reliability Generalization” (RG) studies. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development.
Kavussanu, M. , & McAuley, E. (1995). Exerciseand optimism: Arehighly activeindividuals moreoptimistic? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 246-258.
Spielberger, C. (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in research. London: Academic Press.
Spielberger, C. (1973). STAIC preliminary manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Walker, C. E. , & Kaufman, K. (1984). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. 1, pp. 633-640). Kansas City, MO: Westport.

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 945

Heart rate and its variability as an indicator of mental health in male prisonersPreprint
Gold, C., & Aßmus, J. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1501.05842
“We used well-established psychological measures of anxiety, depression, and social relationships, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (27, 28) with subdomains state anxiety (STAI-State) and trait anxiety (STAI-Trait); the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (26, 29, 30) with subdomains anxiety (HADS-A) and d…”
Method
Investigating the effects of arousal state on cognitive performance in individuals with and without mild head injury
Cyr-Baker, J. S. (2010) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Influence of athlete heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and anxiety in rowing practice and competition
Krengel, K. S. (2014)
The relevance of different patterns of instability in the treatment of borderline personality disorder - results of the Basel borderline inpatient study (BABIS)
Gremaud-Heitz, D. J. (2015) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-006385023
Validación de la versión Portuguesa de la escala de ansiedad de Beck - Bai
Quintão, S. (2010) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76505
Predictors of time to return to work following a planned medical event
Blodgett, N. P. (2014) · doi:10.17077/etd.f457d49d
Appropriate Use of Information Systems
Baskin, M. E. B., & Buckley, M. R. (2013) · International Journal of Technoethics · doi:10.4018/jte.2013010102
Individual differences in the emotional modulation of prepulse inhibition: An ERP study
Sommer, K., van der Molen, M. W., & Pascalis, V. D. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.110
The Role of Family History of Depression in the Development of Major Depression in Women During Midlife
Colvin, A. B. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Organizational and Psychosocial Cultural Factors for Successful Investment by Foreign Companies in Mexico
Salinas, R. C. G., Jiménez, M. B., & Galindo-Mora, P. (2014) · The International Trade Journal · doi:10.1080/08853908.2014.952852
An Evaluation of the Influence of Perceptions of Breast Cancer on Distress in Irish Women
Gibbons, A. (2013) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13025/15855 · Cited by 1
The Role of Psychological Distress, Eating Styles, Dietary Intake, and Gender in Cardiometabolic Risk
Coryell, V. (2011)
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS OF ROTHMAN AND SALOVEY (1997) UNDER A CHOICE TASK, A TIME CONSTRAINT AND WHEN DECISION MAKING ON THE BEHALF OF ANOTHER
Tomlinson, S. (2009) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
THE EFFECTS OF OSTRACISM ON SELF-REGULATION FOR SOCIOTROPIC AND AUTONOMOUS INDIVIDUALS
Relkov, T. (2013) · YorkSpace (York University)
TREATING THE CONCERNED FAMILY MEMBERS OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USERS: A RANDOMIZED STUDY
Manuel, J. K. (2011) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STATE TRAIT ANXIETY AMONG PRE, EARLY, AND LATE BACCALAUREATE NURSING STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING EDUCATION
Wedgeworth, M. G., Houser, R. A., Cuellar, N. G., Tomlinson, S., Wilcoxon, A., & Wood, F. (2013)
Investigating the causal contribution of interpretive bias to anxiety vulnerability
Wilson, E. (2004) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
Investigating the grief process related to job loss
Donahue, M. P. (2009) · doi:10.54014/6k7k-1j1n
State Anxiety Affects on Balance Scores in Young Female University Students
Rahimi, A., & Ebrahimabadi, Z. (2012) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2012.45.50
A culturally-sensitive model of the development of child anxiety.
Petrie, J. (2015) · doi:10.18297/etd/2337
Irritability and Emotion Perception in Young Adults
Roule, A. L. (2016) · Wellesley College Digital RepositoryWellesley (Wellesley College)
Effect of Personality Traits on Development of Acute Mountain Sickness in Rapid Entry Population.
Li, Q.-N., Liu, Y., & Zhao, S.-F. (2015) · West Indian Medical Journal · doi:10.7727/wimj.2014.209
“Although the two scales are intended to measure two distinct dimensions of anxiety, there is overlap and a significant correlation between scales has been reported (26, 27).”
Background
The Relationship Between School Type and Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Young Adults
Spencer, S. V. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Anxiety Symptoms, Parent Anxiety and Functional Impairment in Pediatric Cardiology Patients with Noncardiac Chest Pain and Benign Cardiac Complaints
McDonnell, C. J. (2012) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
Neural Plasticity of Extinction: Relations with Anxiety and Extinction Retention
Belleau, E. L. (2016) · Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)
The effects of trait anxiety, potentially traumatic events, and psychological adjustment on attentional threat bias in college students
Shebuski, K. (2016) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
The Effects of Superstition on Stress Levels and the Relationship between Superstition and Religion
Roddy, S. (2016) · ChesterRep (University of Chester)
Examining Generalized Anxiety Disorder during social interactions : cardiac activity, and the influence of affect
Piedmont, J. I. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Borderline personality disorder, co-occurring substance use, and autonomic dysregulation
Eddie, D. (2016) · doi:10.7282/t3rb76w5
Preterm Birth: Understanding Temporal Changes in Anxiety and Depression Measures
Doktorchik, C. T. A. (2017) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27423
Individual differences in anxiety vulnerability: investigating the contribution of biased attentional engagement and biased attentional disengagement to anxiety reactivity and perseveration
Rudaizky, D. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia)
The impect of employment status on the father parenting
Rani, P., Devi, R., & Bala, R. (2017) · ADVANCE RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE · doi:10.15740/has/arjss/8.1/58-61
Experiencing Peer Victimization in Secondary School: Are We Missing The Mental Health Effects in College Students?
Eisberg, G. (2017) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Comparing and Contrasting Two Clients in Emotion-focused Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder across and within Four (4) Dimensions of: Negative Treatment-of-Self, Positive Treatment-of-self, Negative Emotions, and Positive Emotions
Chekan, S. S. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Nuevos abordajes para el tratamiento de la fibromialgia: una intervención positiva para la promoción del optimismo mediante la utilización de TICs
Molinari, G. (2017) · doi:10.6035/14023.2017.338337
Childhood experiences with family pets and psychosocial functioning in early adulthood
Girardi, A. (2013) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2013-08581
Reliability and validity study of the motiviation for fear (MOTIF) survey
Nebel-Schwalm, M. S. (2010) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3155
“Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) conducted a meta-analytic reliability generalization study of the STAI.”
Background
Explaining and Predicting Psychological Problems: The Joint Importance of Positive and Negative Constructs
Siddaway, A. P. (2017) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
The role of cognitive and metacognitive factors in perinatal depression and anxiety
Leach, D. M. (2018) · Research Repository (Kingston University London)
The Effects of Conceptually Driven Versus Data-Driven Encoding on Traumatic Memory Amplification
Barnett, K. N. (2018) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
A Meta-Research of Reliability and Validity of Career Maturity Inventory
Kim, J. S., & 김연주 (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.6.201612.267
A comparison of music performance anxiety to a laboratory stressor
Wasley, D., Williamon, A., & Taylor, A. P. (2011)
Adult-Child Relationships in Preschool: Perceptions, Contributors to Change, and Associated Child Outcomes
Hartz, K. A. (2014) · doi:10.18130/v30n98
Interpretive bias in anxiety: the search for an elusive cognitive effect
Fung, P. S. (2009) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)
The Relationship Between Perceived Sedentary Behaviour and Psychological Health
Sick, K. (2019) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Social Support Satisfaction as a Protective Factor for Postpartum Maternal Distress
Anderson, A.-L. (2019) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)
An Examination of the Interaction Between Hormonal Contraceptive Use, Behaviour, and Psychology
Irvine, T. B. (2019) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-ka8p-dt36
21st Century Adoptive Families: A Longitudinal Study of Children Raised in Gay Father, Lesbian Mother and Heterosexual Parent Families
McConnachie, A. (2019) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.55557
Hitting the right nerve: effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on symptoms of anxiety
Burger, A. M. (2019) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University)
Toward a neuroscience of parenting : adult attachment and oxytocin affect neural and behavioral responses to infant attachment signals
Riem, M. M. E. (2013)
Ameliorating Emotional Attention through Modulation of Neural Oscillations with Transcranial Alternating Current StimulationPreprint
Liu, S., He, Y., Guo, D., Liu, X., Hao, X., Hu, P., & Ming, D. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434260
The effects of type of yoga training on physiological and psychological fitness in college aged men and women
Gawinski, K. (2012) · University Microfilms International eBooks
McLaughlin et al. (2020) - PRS - Who are the Religious Dones?Preprint
McLaughlin, A. T., Tongeren, D. R. V., Teahan, K., Davis, D. E., Rice, K. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hcv72
Effects of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on Offspring Emotional Development and Stress Response
Pritchett, A. (2021) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
A Hearty Issue: Association of Stress, Anger, and Anxiety with Three Year Heart Failure Outcomes
Dimond, A. J. (2018)
Información preoperatoria, ansiedad y capacidad de afrontamiento ante el proceso quirúrgico y evolución posoperatoria
Perales, J. F. G. (2014) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)
The neural architecture of emotional intelligence.
Stoica, T. (2021) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3623
Mental Health, Health Experiences, and Health Perceptions of University Students Using E-learning in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire (Preprint)Preprint
Nakamoto, I., & Zhuang, W. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.23758
The Effect of a Soccer Tournament on Baseline Psycho-Hormonal States of Collegiate Female Players
Broodryk, A., Pienaar, C., & Sparks, M. (2021) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.52547/aassjournal.972
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Increase the Efficiency of Memory Functioning for Trauma-Related Information
Tudorache, A., El‐Hage, W., & Clarys, D. (2022) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617722000042
Sometimes I feel the fear of uncertainty stinging clear: How Intolerance of Uncertainty and Trait Anxiety impact fear acquisition, extinction and the return of fearPreprint
Wroblewski, A., Hollandt, M., Yang, Y., Ridderbusch, I. C., Pietzner, A., Szeska, C., Lotze, M., Wïttchen, H., Heinig, I., Pittig, A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pm9z5
Couple Treatment for PTSD: Partner Outcomes and Partner and Patient Influences on Treatment Outcomes
Shnaider, P. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14661672
McLaughlin et al. (2020) - PRS - Who are the Religious Dones?Preprint
McLaughlin, A. T., Tongeren, D. R. V., Teahan, K., Davis, D. E., Rice, K. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uqbta
When Emotion Reports Reflect Beliefs Rather than Experience: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes
Xu, Y. (2015) · doi:10.18130/v33580
Couple Treatment for PTSD: Partner Outcomes and Partner and Patient Influences on Treatment Outcomes
Shnaider, P. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14661672.v1
Stress, mood, eating, and craving
Charbonneau, A. (2010) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2010-09205
Evaluation of Relationship between the Children’s Dental Fear with the Parental State-Trait Anxiety
Bahrololoomi, Z., Sadeghiyeh, T., maghsoodi, N., & pajouhandeh, S. (2021) · Jorjani Biomedicine Journal · doi:10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.9.4.65
“momentary affective state and personal differences in anxiety as a stable personality trait (15).”
Background
Comparing Robust Variance Estimation Versus Generalized Least Squares for Spearman-Brown-Corrected Reliability Generalization of Multidimensional, Different-Length Forms
Niu, L. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1433679
Neuroeducación y funciones ejecutivas. Evaluación y estrategias educativas frente a la regulación emocional en el aula
Blanca, E. B. (2022) · UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) · doi:10.35376/10324/55053 · Cited by 6
Rethinking avoidance
Lemmens, A. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221222al
Anxiety associated with perceived uncontrollable stress enhances expectations of environmental volatility and impairs reward learning.Preprint
Walsh, A. T., Dayan, P., Olsson, A., & Guitart‐Masip, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jbuqt
"KAYAKLI KOŞU”da Zihinsel Antrenman Düzeyi ile Sporda Kaygı Düzeyi Arasında bir İlişki var mıdır?
Aka, S. T., & Yılmaz, H. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.2387
Psychophysiological Response to Social Feedback using the Chatroom Interact Task in Undergraduate Students
Birk, S. L., Mennies, R. J., Guerra-Guzman, K., Aunapu, D., & Olino, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.8
Cognitive functions of adults with ADHD
Guo, N. (2023) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.702628729
Change in maternal relationship quality and maternal and child distress
Pastershank, C., Letourneau, N. L., McMorris, C. A., Dewey, D., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Ross, K. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100657
Attentional Bias to Threat in Productive and Unproductive Worry
Notebaert, L., Clarke, P., Wells, N., Georgiades, J., Zimpel, S., & MacLeod, C. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00198-6 · Cited by 1
“The STAI-T is a commonly used measure of trait anxiety with well-established internal consistency, test–retest reliability and validity across a variety of population groups, including undergraduate students (Barnes et al., 2016).”
The Effect of State and Trait Anxiety on Pain-Pressure ThresholdPreprint
Lowe, S., Downing, K., Fair, B., & Hughey, C. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3848575/v1
Dispositional mindfulness and its relationship to preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in adults undergoing hysterectomy
Miller, M. A. (2024) · doi:10.17760/d20652992
Myo-inositol in the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex is Associated with Anxiety-to-Eat in Anorexia NervosaPreprint
Song, Y., Guo, S. H., Davies‐Jenkins, C. W., Guarda, Á. S., Edden, R. A. E., & Smith, K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.29.596476
The impact of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder traits on relations between self-control and mental-health outcomesPreprint
Heintz, H., Johnson, A., Hagan, K. E., & Haynos, A. F. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s8534
Bayesian Priors in Active AvoidancePreprint
Granwald, T., Dayan, P., Lengyel, M., & Guitart‐Masip, M. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2zcjh
A Pilot Feasibility Trial of Mind–Body Tactical Training for Firefighters: Evaluation of a Yoga-Based Transdiagnostic Program
Weathers-Meyer, A., Lowe, A. C., McGrew, S. J., Sutherland, N. E., Yann, C. M. G., Beyl, R. A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02419-1
“The STAI has been used in previous research to examine trait anxiety among firefighters (e.g., Guthrie & Bryant, 2005; Heinrichs et al., 2005; Wróbel-Knybel et al., 2021) and its psychometric properties have been well established (Barnes et al., 2002; Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2016).”
Relationship Between Psychological Stress Scores and Urinary 5-HT Levels Over Time Under Psychological Stress
Iida, T., Ito, Y., Murayama, S., Yoshimaru, Y., & Tatsumi, A. (2024) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/11786469241297911
Impact of Yoga on Mental Well-Being
Gerber, M. (2018) · doi:10.12794/metadc1248451
A protocol for an experimental investigation of the effects of pain-related interpretation bias modification on interpretation of ambiguous somatosensory and linguistic stimuli in healthy individuals
Broadbent, P., Liossi, C., & Schoth, D. E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318296
“Anxiety was measured via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [20], which has excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha .91 and .89 for state and trait subscales respectively) [21].”
A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of the Science Motivation Questionnaire IIPreprint
Karaca, D., Namdar, B., Nalbantoğlu, F. G., Tümer, B., & Aydın, B. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6419938/v1
Examining the relations between disgust, fear, and eating disorder symptomatology
Anderson, L. M. (2014) · doi:10.54014/1tb3-dvgt
Comparative Efficacy of Virtual Reality–Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Yoga-Based Interventions for Reducing Performance Anxiety in Students: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Bostan, C. M., Măgurianu, L.-A., Axinte, M., Găină, A. M., & Găină, M.-A. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/66112 · Cited by 2
“The STAI (STAI-Y1 and STAI-Y2) [37,38] is a widely used instrument designed to measure both temporary anxiety (state) and general anxiety disposition (trait).”
The role of motivation in delayed disengagement from threat in anxiety
Musikoyo, A., Rayment, A. E., & Watson, P. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2514625
“The scale is argued to have good reliability (Barnes et al., 2002; Spielberger et al., 1983) but may not differentiate between anxiety-related disorders and depression due to its focus on general negative affect/neuroticism (Knowles & Ola-tunji, 2020).”
Evaluation of the levels of anxiety and self-esteem experienced by emergency service personnel at the beginning and end of their shift.
YILDIRIM, M., Şafak, T., Işık, G. Ç., & Çevik, Y. (2025) · Bozok Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1644317
Anxiety and sleep quality in the undergraduate stress–depression link: A moderated mediation studyPreprint
Koebeli, C., Koebeli, M., Morgan, K., Edginton, T. L., & Boubert, L. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.01.25332606
Reduction in End-of-life Care Anxiety in Family Caregivers of Individuals in Palliative Care: Results of a Pilot Exploratory Study Using a Canadian Virtual Reality Technology
Moreno, A., Rigoulat, C., Pelletier, P., Côté, E., O’Connor, P., Galarneau, S., Dubois, M., Turk, C., & Dieumen, A. N. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97766-4_6
Cellphone separation modulates the effects of working memory load on ex-Gaussian parameters of choice reaction time
Gazzanigo, M. J., Quesnel, A., Roldan, C., & Yang, X. (2025) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-025-00684-9
“Previous investigations have established that the STAI has good internal consistency and test–retest reliability (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Neurophysiological sensitivity in early childhood: The aperiodic EEG slope moderates the association between maternal anxiety and child internalizing symptomsPreprint
Sacks, D. D., Valdes, V., Levin, A. R., Nelson, C. A., & Enlow, M. B. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.01.25339315
“The STAI-T has established good internal consistency ( = .90), and test-retest coefficients from .73 to .86 (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Implicit and explicit sense of agency in individuals with obsessive-compulsive tendencies
Schmidt, S., & Wagner, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1664222
Profiles of Distress in OCD: A Cluster Analysis Exploring Associations with Global and Facet-Specific AnhedoniaPreprint
Zaboski, B. A., Jones, K., Mattera, E. F., Pittenger, C., & Pushkarskaya, H. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.25341370
Problem-solving capabilities in healthcare education: a multigroup analysis of psychological factors in medical and dental students
İŞCAN, G., & Gürdal, O. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08397-9
Investigating the content-specificity and time course of attentional biases in mathematics anxiety: a dot-probe approach
Gaffiero, D., Pellicioni, M. S., & Hunt, T. E. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2604325
The Effects of Social Support and Sensitivity to Ostracism on Smoking Outcomes in College Students
Levine, S. (2006) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Stress in the workplace the contrasting effects of 10 minutes of listening to Chopin vs. HRV biofeedback on autonomic reactivity and cognitive performance
Smit, S. (2012) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)

Authors: Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Tulsa Community College (US)
Bluffton University (US)
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-618
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
OpenAlex: W2171256147
Cited by: 947
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks