Cited by 947Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B., Harp, Diane, Jung, Woo Sik·2002·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164402062004005

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Abstract

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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“For example, the STAI-Y has been found by Barnes, Harp and Jung [67] to have excellent test-retest reliability (r = .”
Method
Prepared for the worst: Readiness to acquire threat bias and susceptibility to elevate trait anxiety.
Clarke, P., MacLeod, C., & Shirazee, N. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.47 · Cited by 53
Factors Influencing Depression and Anxiety among Black Sexual Minority Men
Graham, L. F., Aronson, R. E., Nichols, T. R., Stephens, C. F., & Rhodes, S. D. (2011) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/587984 · Cited by 53
“The STAI-S has demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and testretest reliability in numerous studies [35].”
Background
Patterns of alpha asymmetry in those with elevated worry, trait anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A test of the worry and avoidance models of alpha asymmetry
Smith, E. E., Zambrano‐Vazquez, L., & Allen, J. J. B. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.010 · Cited by 56
Validity and clinical interpretability of Overall Anxiety Severity And Impairment Scale (OASIS)
Ito, M., Oe, Y., Kato, N., Nakajima, S., Fujisato, H., Miyamae, M., Kanie, A., Horikoshi, M., & Norman, S. B. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.045 · Cited by 55
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Evaluation of the Norwegian version of the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ‐N): Factorial validity across samples
Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00907.x · Cited by 55
A Preliminary Investigation of Abstinence and Controlled Gambling as Self-Selected Goals of Treatment for Female Pathological Gambling
Dowling, N. A., Smith, D. I., & Thomas, T. (2009) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9116-1 · Cited by 51
“For example, a reliability generalization meta-analytic study across 52 published studies revealed a mean internal consistency coefficient of 0.91 for the state anxiety scale ( Barnes et al. 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
The age of anxiety? It depends where you look: changes in STAI trait anxiety, 1970–2010
Booth, R., Sharma, D., & Leader, T. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1096-0 · Cited by 49
“The STAI has been used in thousands of studies in more than 60 languages [1, 28], has good internal consistency, test–retest reliability and construct validity [28, 29], and discriminates psychiatric patients from healthy controls [1, 28], making it ideal for examining changes in anxiety over time.”
Mapping the structure of perceptual and visual–motor abilities in healthy young adults
Wang, L., Krasich, K., Bel‐Bahar, T., Hughes, L., Mitroff, S. R., & Appelbaum, L. G. (2015) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.02.005 · Cited by 50
Affective instability in patients with chronic pain: a diary approach
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“This questionnaire shows good reliability and validity.(5,50) In this study, Cronbach alpha was 0.”
Background
Validity and reliability of an Arabic version of the state-trait anxiety inventory in a Saudi dental setting
Bahammam, M. A. (2016) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2016.6.13935 · Cited by 49
Criterion Validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Second Edition for Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults
Castro-Rodrigues, P., Camacho, M., Almeida, S., Marinho, M., Soares, C., Barahona-Corrêa, B., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00431 · Cited by 49
“Trait anxiety corresponds to feelings of tension, apprehension and increased autonomic activity and is a relatively stable personality trait (32, 33).”
Background
Validation of a novel attentional bias modification task: the future may be in the cards
Notebaert, L., Clarke, P. J. F., Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.007 · Cited by 48
The suitability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Distress Thermometer and other instruments to screen for psychiatric disorders in both lung cancer patients and their partners
Schellekens, M. P. J., van den Hurk, D. G. M., Prins, J. B., Molema, J., van der Drift, M. A., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.044 · Cited by 48
Reliability generalization of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R).
Herrington, H. M., Smith, T. B., Feinauer, E., & Griner, D. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000148 · Cited by 63
“Overall, given that reliability generalization studies with other psychological measures have shown that adolescents can be inconsistent in their responses (Barnes et al., 2002; Hellman et al., 2006; Nilsson, Schmidt, & Meek, 2002), scholars conducting research with young and/or less educated individuals should take s…”
Mental Health and Social Support of Sexual and Gender Diverse People from Québec, Canada During the COVID-19 Crisis
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“33 For SGM and cisgender heterosexual people in our sample, the State and Trait subscales, respectively, present internal consistency coefﬁcients of 0.95 and 0.94.”
Influential
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Balance problems with Parkinson's disease: are they anxiety-dependent?
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A survey of worries of pregnant women: reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Cambridge Worry Scale.
Gourounti, K., Lykeridou, K., Taskou, C., Kafetsios, K., & Sandall, J. (2012) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2011.09.004 · Cited by 41
Parents’ State and Trait Anxiety: Relationships with Anxiety Severity and Treatment Response in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Conner, C. M., Maddox, B. B., & White, S. W. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1728-0 · Cited by 57
Attentional mechanisms of social perception are biased in social phobia
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Decreased cingulo-opercular network functional connectivity mediates the impact of aging on visual processing speed
Ruiz‐Rizzo, A. L., Sorg, C., Napiórkowski, N., Neitzel, J., Menegaux, A., Müller, H. J., Vangkilde, S., & Finke, K. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.014 · Cited by 51
Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha‐amylase, and cortisol
D’Agostini, M., Burger, A. M., Franssen, M., Claes, N., Weymar, M., von Leupoldt, A., & Diest, I. V. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13885 · Cited by 48
When ignorance is bliss: explicit instruction and the efficacy of CBM-A for anxiety
Grafton, B., Mackintosh, B., Vujic, T., & MacLeod, C. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9579-3 · Cited by 46
“What If I Make a Mistake?”: Intolerance of Uncertainty Is Associated With Poor Behavioral Performance
Thibodeau, M. A., Carleton, R. N., Gómez-Pérez, L., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182a21298 · Cited by 48
“The STAI Form Y has demonstrated good internal consistency and 30-day test-retest reliability in previous studies (Barnes et al., 2002; Spielberger et al., 1983).”
Method
Psychosocial factors and patients' preferences for adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer
Duric, V. M., Butow, P. N., Sharpe, L., Boyle, F. M., Beith, J. M., Wilcken, N. R. C., Heritier, S. R., Coates, A. S., Simes, R. J., & Stockler, M. R. (2006) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1045 · Cited by 46
“One of the oldest and most widely used measures of anxiety, was used to assess trait anxiety [14].”
Trait anxiety and trait anger measured by ecological momentary assessment and their correspondence with traditional trait questionnaires
Edmondson, D. E., Shaffer, J. A., Chaplin, W. F., Burg, M. M., Stone, A. A., & Schwartz, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.005 · Cited by 48
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication
Burger, A. M., Diest, I. V., van der Does, W. A. J., Hysaj, M., Thayer, J. F., BROSSCHOT, J. F., & Verkuil, B. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29561-w · Cited by 47
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress during lockdown due to COVID ‐19
Rodas, J. A., Jara-Rizzo, M. F., Greene, C. M., Moreta‐Herrera, R., & Oleas, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12818 · Cited by 58
“The internal consistencies of the CERQ, STAI and CES-D were found to be acceptable to excellent, similar to studies with other samples (Barnes et al., 2002; Domínguez-Sánchez et al., 2013; Radloff, 1991).”
Result
Patterns of change in anxiety and depression during pregnancy predict preterm birth
Doktorchik, C., Premji, S., Slater, D., Williamson, T., Tough, S., & Patten, S. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.001 · Cited by 45
“Finally, the Cronbach's alpha is reported to be 0.89, indicating that the scale has high internal consistency (Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychological factors predict local and referred experimental muscle pain: A cluster analysis in healthy adults
Lee, J. E., Watson, D., & Frey‐Law, L. A. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00249.x · Cited by 45
“The TAI has good validity and reliability, with a mean internal consistency score of 0.89 and mean test–retest reliability of 0.88 (Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Intolerance of uncertainty in opioid dependency–Relationship with trait anxiety and impulsivity
Garami, J., Haber, P., Myers, C. E., Allen, M. T., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., & Moustafa, A. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181955 · Cited by 45

Authors: Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Tulsa Community College (US)
Bluffton University (US)
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-618
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
OpenAlex: W2171256147
Cited by: 947
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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