Cited by 947Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B., Harp, Diane, Jung, Woo Sik·2002·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164402062004005

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Abstract

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.

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Adoptive Gay Father Families: A Longitudinal Study of Children’s Adjustment at Early Adolescence
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A quick identification model for assessing human anxiety and thermal comfort based on physiological signals in a hot and humid working environment
Jiao, Y., Wang, X., Kang, Y., Zhong, Z., & Chen, W. (2023) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103423 · Cited by 30
Implicit associations between pain and self-schema in patients with chronic pain
Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V., Houwer, J. D., Bockstaele, B. V., Damme, S. V., Schryver, M. D., & Crombez, G. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.055 · Cited by 30
“This questionnaire consistently demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and is among the most commonly used measures of anxiety [2,9,26,27,41].”
Method
Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Fertility Problem Inventory in a sample of infertile women undergoing fertility treatment
Gourounti, K., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Vaslamatzis, G. N. (2010) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.02.007 · Cited by 30
“Therefore, it should be low in non-stressful situations and high if circumstances are perceived to be threatening or dangerous (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
Does alexithymia expose to mental disorder symptoms in late adolescence? A 4-year follow-up study
Karukivi, M., Vahlberg, T. J., Pölönen, T., Filppu, T., & Saarijãrvi, S. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.012 · Cited by 30
“The psychometrical properties of the STAI instrument have been established as good [39,40].”
Method
Combination of music with lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone on blood pressure reduction – A randomized controlled trial
Kunikullaya, K. U., Goturu, J., Muradi, V., Hukkeri, P. A., Kunnavil, R., Doreswamy, V., Prakash, V. S., & Murthy, N. S. (2015) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.05.004 · Cited by 30
Relationship of active trigger points with related disability and anxiety in people with tension-type headache
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“[24]”
The effects of yoga and quiet rest on subjective levels of anxiety and physiological correlates: a 2-way crossover randomized trial
Albracht‐Schulte, K., & Robert-McComb, J. J. (2018) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2343-1 · Cited by 30
Neural substrates of human fear generalization: A 7T-fMRI investigation
Huggins, A. A., Tomas, C. W., Parisi, E. A., Bennett, K. P., Miskovic, V., & Larson, C. L. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118308 · Cited by 31
“The STAIconsists of 20 self-report items rated on a four-point scale and has emonstrated good psychometric properties, including high test-retest eliability ( Barnes et al., 2002 ).”
Background
Morphological characteristics of spoken language in schizophrenia patients – an exploratory study
Ziv, I., Baram, H., Bar, K., Zilberstein, V., Itzikowitz, S., Harel, E. V., & Dershowitz, N. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12790 · Cited by 33
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Deady, M. (2009) · Cited by 30
Validity of the German Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI‐G) in an Australian sample
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“The psychometrical properties of the STAI instrument have been established as good [20,21].”
Method
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“The measure demonstrates good internal consistency (atrait scale = .89; astate scale = .91), good test–retest reliability for the trait scale (r = .88) (Barnes et al. 2002), and good concurrent validity with other anxiety measures (Spielberger et al. 1983).”
Background
A neurobehavioral account for individual differences in resilience to chronic military stress
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“Trait anxiety was assessed using Spielberger’s Stait– Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait Version (STAI-T; Spielberger et al. 1970; Barnes et al. 2002).”
Method
Oxytocin Facilitates Self-Serving Rather Than Altruistic Tendencies in Competitive Social Interactions Via Orbitofrontal Cortex
Xu, X., Liu, C., Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Gao, Z., Zhou, F., Kou, J., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyz028 · Cited by 27
Pilot Study Exploring Migration Experiences and Perinatal Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Immigrant Latinas
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“Trait anxiety represents an individual’s tendency to respond with apprehension, whereas state anxiety represents stressors experienced by the individual (Barnes et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Anxiety & inhibition: dissociating the involvement of state and trait anxiety in inhibitory control deficits observed on the anti-saccade task
Myles, O., Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1802229 · Cited by 29
“The STAI-T has been shown to have good reliability and validity (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
Effects of maternal depression on maternal responsiveness and infants’ expressive language abilities
Brookman, R., Kalashnikova, M., Levickis, P. A., Conti, J., Rattanasone, N. X., Grant, K., Demuth, K., & Burnham, D. K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277762 · Cited by 33
Stability and cause of anxiety in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: A longitudinal two-year follow-up
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Association between variation in the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 gene on chromosome 8p and anxiety-related personality traits
Lohoff, F. W., Lautenschlager, M. M., Mohr, J., Ferraro, T. N., Sander, T., & Gallinat, J. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.024 · Cited by 29
Distinguishing transient versus stable aspects of depression in New Zealand Pacific Island children using Generalizability Theory
Paterson, J., Medvedev, O. N., Sumich, A., Tautolo, E.-S., Krägeloh, C. U., Sisk, R., McNamara, R. K., Berk, M., Narayanan, A., & Siegert, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.075 · Cited by 28
Arts-based interventions to reduce anxiety levels among college students
Aaron, R. E., Rinehart, K. L., & Ceballos, N. A. (2011) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2010.481290 · Cited by 28
“As reported by Spielberger ( 1983a , b ), the STAI has good reliability and validity (see also Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002 ).”
Background
Psychometric Analysis of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale and Its Condensed Versions
Oxtoby, J., King, R., Sheridan, J. S., & Obst, P. L. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116662910 · Cited by 28
“A review by Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) on this anxiety scale indicated that the state version had a mean test–retest reliability of .70, compared with .88 for the trait version.”
Changes over time in adult dental fear and correlation to depression and anxiety: a cohort study of pregnant mothers and fathers
Tolvanen, M., Hagqvist, O., Luoto, A., Rantavuori, K., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., & Lahti, S. M. (2013) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12026 · Cited by 28
Expectancy bias in anxious samples.
Cabeleira, C. M., Steinman, S. A., Burgess, M. M., Bucks, R. S., MacLeod, C., Melo, W. V., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035899 · Cited by 28
The Relationship between Temperament and Anxiety
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An Exploratory Study: Transition to Adulthood for College Students with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents
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Chronic worry and the temporal dynamics of emotional processing
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Who are the patients who deny suicidal intent? Exploring patients' characteristics associated with self‐disclosure and denial of suicidal intent
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Pain Trajectories and Predictors: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study of Women With Vulvodynia
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“This measure has excellent psychometric properties.(20) The Cronbach a for the trait scale in this sample was 0.”
Depression and Anxiety in Women During Pregnancy in Slovenia / Depresija In Anksioznost Pri Ženskah Med Nosečnostjo V Sloveniji
Podvornik, N., Velikonja, V. G., & Praper, P. (2014) · Slovenian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1515/sjph-2015-0006 · Cited by 33
“The results of the reliability generalisation study for STAI, based on 816 research articles between 1990 and 2000, suggest that the internal consistency estimates of the measure are generally satisfactory for various populations (23).”
Background
Mindfulness meditation in older adults with postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized controlled pilot study
Meize‐Grochowski, R., Shuster, G. F., Boursaw, B., DuVal, M., Murray-Krezan, C. M., Schrader, R., Smith, B. W., Herman, C. J., & Prasad, A. (2015) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2015.02.012 · Cited by 27

Authors: Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Tulsa Community College (US)
Bluffton University (US)
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-618
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
OpenAlex: W2171256147
Cited by: 947
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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