The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Abstract
A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Problems with this style of assessment were shown in Barnes etal. (2002) reliability investigation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Gaudry etal., 1975), which found a test-retest correlation ranging from 0.82 to 0.94 for trait anxiety, and 0.34 to 0.96 for state anxiety.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Barnes et al., 2002
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x · Cited by 3,238
Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791
Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
Smart, J. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5666-6 · Cited by 2,368
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
Joseph, M. (2000) · Cited by 2,242
The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas.
Biglan, A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034701 · Cited by 1,829
Understanding Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: A Conceptual Primer on Coefficient Alpha
Henson, R. K. (2001) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2002.12069034 · Cited by 1,067
Biglan, A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034699 · Cited by 873
Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology.
Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R. H. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.469 · Cited by 793
The State--Trait Anxiety Inventory, Trait version: structure and content re-examined
Bieling, P. J., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00023-0 · Cited by 690
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Henson, R. K. , & Thompson, B. (in press). Characterizing measurement error in scores across studies: Some recommendations for conducting “Reliability Generalization” (RG) studies. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development.
- Kavussanu, M. , & McAuley, E. (1995). Exerciseand optimism: Arehighly activeindividuals moreoptimistic? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 246-258.
- Spielberger, C. (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in research. London: Academic Press.
- Spielberger, C. (1973). STAIC preliminary manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Walker, C. E. , & Kaufman, K. (1984). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. 1, pp. 633-640). Kansas City, MO: Westport.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 945
Reliability Reporting Across Studies Using the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory
Vassar, M. B., & Hale, W. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508314931 · Cited by 27
“24 Journal of Interpersonal Violence Vassar, Hale / BDHI Reliability Reporting Practices 25 In one example, it was noted that in a meta-analytic inquiry of the StateTrait Anxiety Inventory, Barnes, Harp, and Jung (1998) found that of 816 articles using the measure, only 6% reported reliability estimates from their own…”
BackgroundAnyan, F., Bizumić, B., & Hjemdal, O. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.011 · Cited by 29
A tutorial on the meta-analytic structural equation modeling of reliability coefficients.
Scherer, R., & Teo, T. P. (2020) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000261 · Cited by 29
Dowling, N. (2009) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350802346193 · Cited by 26
“Test-retest coefficients were noticeably lower for the state anxiety scale (0.70) than for the trait anxiety scale (0.88) (Barnes et al. 2002), which is consistent with the theoretical model that characterizes state anxiety as a temporary state that is more susceptible to temporal fluctuations…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClarke, P., Nanthakumar, S., Notebaert, L., Holmes, E. A., Blackwell, S. E., & MacLeod, C. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9564-x · Cited by 29
“The STAI has demonstrated validity and reliability across a range of populations (Barnes et al. 2002).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Stressors and Anxiety Levels After CABG in Sari, Iran
Bagheri‐Nesami, M., Shorofi, S. A., Jafari, A., Khalilian, A., & Tabari, S. Z. (2016) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.25407 · Cited by 26
“Items 1 to 20 measures the state anxiety with 4 choices (not at all, somewhat, moderately, and very much), while items 21 to 40 measures trait anxiety with 4 choices (almost never, sometimes, often, and almost always) (21).”
BackgroundFeeding Problems and Maternal Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Zlomke, K. R., Rossetti, K. G., Murphy, J., Mallicoat, K., & Swingle, H. M. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-02966-8 · Cited by 26
Admixture analysis of the diagnostic subtypes of social anxiety disorder: Implications for the DSM-V
Aderka, I. M., Nickerson, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.012 · Cited by 26
Wilson, C., & Wallis, D. J. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9451-x · Cited by 27
“This scale is found to have high internal consistency (e.g. Barnes et al. 2002) with reported a reliabilities varying between .89 and .9, and test–retest reliabilities between .86 and .66, over 2 week and 3 month periods (Jacobs et al. 1988; Spielberger et al. 1970).”
BackgroundYan, C. H. (2006) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602930600760934 · Cited by 26
“Studies have shown that people who are high in trait anxiety tend to perceive more situations as threatening or dangerous and also to a greater degree than people who have lower trait anxiety (Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodAutomaticity of Attentional Bias to Threat in High and Low Worriers
Goodwin, H., Eagleson, C., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9818-5 · Cited by 18
“The STAI has demonstrated good psychometric properties in previous research (Barnes et al. 2002), and had high internal consistency in the current sample (Cronbach’s alpha of .”
MethodTrait anxiety and the alignment of attentional bias with controllability of danger
Notebaert, L., Georgiades, J., Herbert, M., Grafton, B., Parsons, S. D., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1081-9 · Cited by 33
Min, J., Koenig, J., Nashiro, K., Yoo, H. J., Cho, C., Thayer, J. F., & Mather, M. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-00974-9 · Cited by 30
“State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) were collected on the same day before the MRI scans (Barnes et al. 2002; Radloff 1977).”
MethodTorabizadeh, C., Bostani, S., & Yektatalab, S. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.09.001 · Cited by 25
Dunn, W., Brown, C. E., Breitmeyer, A. M., & Salwei, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872619 · Cited by 25
Zhang, J., & Gao, Q. (2012) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.641440 · Cited by 25
“96 (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002 ; Fountoulakis, Papadopoulou, Kleanthous et al, 2006; Hishinuma, Miyamoto, Nishimura et al, 2000; Quek, Low, Razack et al, 2004).”
Loureiro, E. M. F., Severo, M., Bettencourt, P., & Ferreira, M. A. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.07.005 · Cited by 25
“There were also questions on experience and knowledge of communication skills in medicine; (ii) Speilberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Portuguese adapted version [33,34] that allows measurement of anxiety in adults.”
BackgroundHirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.004 · Cited by 27
Prevalence and quality of anxiety in patients with epilepsy
Maroufi, A., Khomand, P., Ahmadiani, S., Alizadeh, N. S., & Gharibi, F. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.12.029 · Cited by 25
“88) at multiple time intervals [11].”
Bailey, A. J., & Finn, P. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_415 · Cited by 25
Device-Guided Slow-Paced Respiration for Menopausal Hot Flushes
Huang, A. J., Phillips, S., Schembri, M. E., Vittinghoff, E., & Grady, D. G. (2015) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000821 · Cited by 25
Relationship between Personality Traits and Endogenous Analgesia: The Role of Harm Avoidance
Nahman‐Averbuch, H., Yarnitsky, D., Sprecher, E., Granovsky, Y., & Granot, M. (2014) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12256 · Cited by 25
“89).(29) We used the state part of this questionnaire to assess the anxiety level of the subjects obtained at the time of experimental session.”
MethodA randomized controlled trial of attention modification for social anxiety disorder
Carleton, R. N., Teale Sapach, M. J. N., Oriet, C., Duranceau, S., Lix, L. M., Thibodeau, M. A., Horswill, S. C., Ubbens, J. R., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.011 · Cited by 24
Solo Fathers and Mothers: An Exploration of Well-Being, Social Support and Social Approval
Jones, C., Zadeh, S., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159236 · Cited by 41
“A meta-analytic review of the TAI reported adequate average reliability coefficients for both test–retest and internal consistency [52].”
MethodYang, X., Kendrick, K. M., Wu, Q., Chen, T., Lama, S., Cheng, B., Li, S., Huang, X., & Gong, Q. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063151 · Cited by 24
“retest) [47–49].”
Wright, C. A., Dobson, K. S., & Sears, C. R. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2014.901331 · Cited by 24
Daytime intrusive thoughts and subjective insomnia symptoms.
Baker, L., Baldwin, D., & Garner, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.022 · Cited by 23
“86 (Barnes et al., 2002), with a Cronbach's α of 0.”
BackgroundPedersen, W. S., Balderston, N. L., Miskovich, T. A., Belleau, E. L., Helmstetter, F. J., & Larson, C. L. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw178 · Cited by 26
“The STAI-Trait has high internal consistency (a¼ 0.89) and test-retest reliability (r¼ 0.88; Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialMeta-analysis of coefficient alpha for scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Miller, B. K., Nicols, K. M., Clark, S., Daniels, A., & Grant, W. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208331 · Cited by 26
Evaluation of a mindfulness-based mobile application with college students: A pilot study
Moffitt-Carney, K. M., & Duncan, A. B. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1661420 · Cited by 23
The psychosomatic impact of Yoga in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Maity, S., Abbaspour, R., Bandelow, S., Pahwa, S., Alahdadi, T., Shah, S., Chhetri, P., Jha, A. K., Nauhria, S., Nath, R., et al. (2024) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2024.2364486 · Cited by 23
“We averaged estimates from studies with retest intervals close to 2 weeks, arriving at an approximate and conservatively estimated test-retest correlation of 0.75 [22].”
MethodInfluentialKlapper‐Goldstein, H., Pariente, G., Wainstock, T., Dekel, S., Binyamin, Y., Battat, T. L., Broder, O. W., Kosef, T., & Sheiner, E. (2024) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-024-07715-8 · Cited by 27
“Postpartum anxiety symptoms were measured using the 20-item State scale which is part of the widely used State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [33, 34].”
Kesby, A., Maguire, S., Vartanian, L. R., & Grisham, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101492 · Cited by 28
Manninen, M., Deng, Y., Hwang, Y., Waller, S., & Yli-Piipari, S. R. (2020) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1826999 · Cited by 26
“The scale has been found to have good concurrent and discriminant validity (Spielberger et al., 1983) as well as good internal consistency (Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInter-individual predictors of pain inhibition during performance of a competing cognitive task
Tabry, V., Vogel, T. A., Lussier, M., Brouillard, P., Buhle, J. T., Rainville, P., Bherer, L., & Roy, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78653-z · Cited by 29
Childhood Experiences with Family Pets and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adulthood
Girardi, A., & Pozzulo, J. (2015) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2015.1052274 · Cited by 23
Progressive muscle relaxation to decrease anxiety in clinical simulations
Carver, M. L., & O’Malley, M. (2015) · Teaching and learning in nursing · doi:10.1016/j.teln.2015.01.002 · Cited by 23
Hellriegel, J., Barber, C., Wikramanayake, M., Fineberg, N. A., & Mandy, W. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000511 · Cited by 25
Trait Mindfulness: A Multifaceted Evaluation.
Polizzi, C., Gautam, A., & Lynn, S. J. (2018) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236618774321 · Cited by 23
“Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) documented strong internal consistency (mean Cronbach’s a¼ .91).”
BackgroundThe role of both parents’ attachment pattern in understanding childhood obesity
Mazzeschi, C., Pazzagli, C., Laghezza, L., Radi, G., Battistini, D., & Feo, P. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00791 · Cited by 22
“The STAI has demonstrated good internal consistency, test–retest reliability for the STAI Trait, sensitivity to the detection of stress for the STAI State, and convergent and discriminant validity (Spielberger, 1989; Barnes et al., 2002; Vautier, 2004).”
MethodEmbong, H., Ting, C. Y., Ramli, M., & Harunarashid, H. (2018) · Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1177/1024907918807384 · Cited by 24
Infants’ neural responses to emotional faces are related to maternal anxiety
Bowman, L. C., McCormick, S. A., Kane‐Grade, F., Xie, W., Enlow, M. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13429 · Cited by 22
Foss, S., Petty, C. R., Howell, C., Mendonca, J. T., Bosse, A., Waber, D. P., Wright, R. J., & Enlow, M. B. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000402 · Cited by 24
“Studies of reliability and validity of the STAI in nonpregnant populations tend to find fairly stable test – retest reliability for the Trait subscale across time (Barnes, et al., 2002).”
An investigation of vulnerability factors for depression
Malinowski, A. S., Veselka, L., & Atkinson, B. E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.049 · Cited by 25
Physical aggression and attentional bias to angry faces: An event related potential study
Crago, R. V., Renoult, L., Biggart, L., Nobes, G., Satmarean, T., & Bowler, J. O. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146387 · Cited by 22
Aunjitsakul, W., McGuire, N., McLeod, H. J., & Gumley, A. I. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab026 · Cited by 28
Lowe, P. A., & Reynolds, C. R. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405278563 · Cited by 22
Specificity and Time-Course of Attentional Bias in Chronic Headache
Schoth, D. E., & Liossi, C. (2013) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31826b4849 · Cited by 22
Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory
Child, L. E., & Medvedev, O. N. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05072-4 · Cited by 23
“Problems with this style of assessment were shown in Barnes et al. (2002) reliability investigation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Gaudry et al., 1975), which found a test-retest correlation ranging from 0.82 to 0.94 for trait anxiety, and 0.34 to 0.96 for state anxiety.”
InfluentialThe effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on state anxiety and cognitive function
Hill, M. D., Gibson, A.-M., Wagerman, S. A., Flores, E. D., & Kelly, L. A. (2019) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2018.09.004 · Cited by 22
Cigarán‐Méndez, M., Jiménez‐Antona, C., Parás‐Bravo, P., Fuensalida‐Novo, S., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, J., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2019) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12775 · Cited by 21
“Both scales have shown good internal consistency and high reliability.(35)”
BackgroundInhibitory Control and Negative Affect in Relation to Food Intake among Youth
Byrne, M. E., Shank, L. M., Altman, D. R., Swanson, T. N., Ramirez, E., Moore, N. A., Rubin, S. G., Lemay-Russell, S., Parker, M. N., Kaufman, R., et al. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104858 · Cited by 22
Hofmann, M. J., Schneider, S., & Mokros, A. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2544 · Cited by 21
Novak, K. Š., Jontez, N. B., Kenig, S., Hladnik, M., Arbeiter, A. B., Bandelj, D., Černelič-Bizjak, M., Petelin, A., Mohorko, N., & Pražnikar, Z. J. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2022.2082280 · Cited by 23
“Anxiety was scored from 20 to 80 and some previous studies have reported that a score of 45 or higher indicates clinically significant anxiety levels (Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundLiu, S., He, Y., Guo, D., Liu, X., Hao, X., Hu, P., & Ming, D. (2022) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-022-09880-5 · Cited by 21
Bignall, W. J. R., Luberto, C. M., Cornette, A. F., Haj-Hamed, M., & Cotton, S. (2015) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2015.1033724 · Cited by 21
Clarke, P., Branson, S., Chen, N. T. M., Bockstaele, B. V., Salemink, E., MacLeod, C., & Notebaert, L. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.02.003 · Cited by 24
Pedersen, W. S., Muftuler, L. T., & Larson, C. L. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.009 · Cited by 20
“The STAI-Trait has high internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability (r = .88; Barnes et al., 2002).”
Maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness and child neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive development
Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., Mina, T. H., Riha, R. L., Räikkönen, K., Pesonen, A., Drake, A. J., Denison, F. C., & Reynolds, R. M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800291x · Cited by 21
Romano, J. L., & Kromrey, J. D. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408323237 · Cited by 21
“For example, in a study on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970), Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) obtained 117 reliability coefficients from 45 articles where each subgroup of participants was treated as an observation.”
BackgroundMazeraud, A., Polito, A., Sivanandamoorthy, S., Porcher, R., Heming, N., Stoclin, A., Hissem, T., Antona, M., Blot, F., Gaillard, R., et al. (2020) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004495 · Cited by 20
“Within 12 hours of ICU admission, the degree of anxiety was assessed using the STAI (19).”
MethodThe Dutch Claustrophobia Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and predictive validity
Diest, I. V., Smits, D., Decremer, D., Maes, L., & Claes, L. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.003 · Cited by 20
“Barenes, Harp, and Jung (2002) reviewed 816 papers in which the STAI was used to measure trait and state anxiety.”
BackgroundBarrett, J., & Armony, J. L. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20143 · Cited by 20
Cortical Gyrification Patterns Associated with Trait Anxiety
Miskovich, T. A., Pedersen, W. S., Belleau, E. L., Shollenbarger, S. G., Lisdahl, K. M., & Larson, C. L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149434 · Cited by 23
“Participants completed the Trait version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) [37], a 20-item questionnaire that has high test-retest reliability as well as high internal consistency [38].”
MethodPassing the time when in pain: Investigating the role of musical valence.
Finlay, K. A., & Anil, K. (2015) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000119 · Cited by 22
The Student Risk Screening Scale: A Reliability and Validity Generalization Meta-Analysis
Kilgus, S. P., Eklund, K. R., Maggin, D. M., Taylor, C. N., & Allen, A. N. (2017) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426617710207 · Cited by 21
Morales, A., & Wang, K. T. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.40.4.04 · Cited by 20
Palacios‐Ceña, M., Wang, K., Castaldo, M., Ordás, C., Torelli, P., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2019) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000685 · Cited by 20
Lance, C. E., Christie, J., & Williamson, G. M. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119888582 · Cited by 20
Psychological Assessment Tools Utilized in Sports Injury Treatment Outcomes Research: A Review.
Everhart, J. S., Harris, K. M., Chafitz, A., Kirven, J. C., Abouljoud, M. M., Schiele, S. E., Emery, C. F., & Flanigan, D. C. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Sánchez‐Meca, J., & Pina, J. A. L. (2008) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.5.2.457 · Cited by 20
Biopsychosocial predictors of coping strategies of patients postmyocardial infarction
Son, H., Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., & Son, Y. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12465 · Cited by 19
The Mini Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire: Development and Clinical Application
Coates, J. M., Gullo, M. J., Feeney, G. F. X., Kavanagh, D. J., Young, R. M., Dingle, G. A., May, J., Andrade, J., Statham, D. J., & Connor, J. P. (2016) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13278 · Cited by 20
“The S-Anxiety has acceptable internal and test-retest reliability, as well as content, discriminant, and construct validity (Spielberger 1983; Oei et al. 1990; Barnes et al. 2002).”
BackgroundGozali, A., Gibson, S., Lipton, L. R., Pressman, A. W., Hammond, B. S., & Dumitriu, D. (2020) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105082 · Cited by 20
A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Driving for Autistic Teens and Adults: A Pilot Study
Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Smith, L., Tran, A., & Scarvie, K. M. (2020) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0009 · Cited by 19
“Psychometric properties are established and reported, 28 and the measure has been shown to remain stable when measuring stress in youth with autism.”
Leaune, É., Vieux, M., Marchal, M., Combes, C., Crandall, S. J. S., Haesebaert, J., & Poulet, E. (2021) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2021.09.002 · Cited by 24
Aerts, L., Bergeron, S., Corsini‐Munt, S., Steben, M., & Pâquet, M. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12907 · Cited by 20
Sex differences in intrinsic brain functional connectivity underlying human shyness
Yang, X., Wang, S., Kendrick, K. M., Xi, W., Li, Y., Lei, D., Kuang, W., Bi, F., Huang, X., Yong He, A., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv052 · Cited by 19
Palacios‐Ceña, M., Barbero, M., Falla, D., Ghirlanda, F., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx047 · Cited by 19
Does Gender Matter in the Relationship between Anxiety and Decision-Making?
Zhang, F., Xiao, L., & Gu, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02231 · Cited by 19
“…| www.frontiersin.org 2 December 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 2231 Chinese version of the Trait form of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T: Spielberger et al., 1983; Shek, 1993), which has demonstrated good internal consistency and discriminant validity (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Embong, H. (2018) · Medicine & health · doi:10.17576/mh.2018.130.11 · Cited by 19
“average Cronbach’s values reported in literature (Barnes et al. 2002).”
ResultVincent, L., & Norton, P. J. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1513557 · Cited by 19
“A review of 52 studies by Barnes, Harp, and Jung (2002) found the STAI-S exhibited excellent internal consistency (α = .91).”
BackgroundSelf-Report Scales for Common Mental Disorders
Sunderland, M., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Carragher, N. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235433.019 · Cited by 22
A vigilance avoidance account of spatial selectivity in dual-stream emotion induced blindness
Proud, M., Goodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01690-x · Cited by 19
Salahub, C. M., & Emrich, S. M. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00831-3 · Cited by 17
Nickerson, A. B., & Schildkraut, J. (2021) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2021.1875790 · Cited by 29
“…which is expected and even desirable to support the theoretical model that state anxiety is susceptible to fluctuation (e.g., .31 to .70; see Barnes et al., 2002; Rossi & Pourtois, 2012; Spielberger & Gorsuch, 1983 ; in contrast, trait anxiety test–retest reliability ranges from .82 to .94…”
Automatic Evaluations in Clinically Anxious and Nonanxious Children and Adolescents
Vervoort, L., Wolters, L. H., Hogendoorn, S. M., Prins, P. J. M., de Haan, E., Nauta, M. H., & Boer, F. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.486316 · Cited by 19
“Both the STAI and the STAI–C have been found to be meaningfully related with measures of anxiety, to have good internal consistency, and to have acceptable test–retest reliability (eg, Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002 ; Holmbeck et al, 2008 ; Muris, Merckelbach, Ollendick, King, & Bogie, 2002 ).”
BackgroundRathschlag, M., & Memmert, D. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.221 · Cited by 18
“Measurements of the reliability of the STAI demonstrated excellent internal consistency (average a > 0.89), and the STAI Trait has an excellent test–retest reliability (average r = 0.88) at multiple time intervals (Barnes et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialBaldo, J. V., Schendel, K., Lwi, S. J., Herron, T. J., Dempsey, D. G., Muir, J., Curran, B. C., Paulraj, S., Chok, J., & Cole, M. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01751-0 · Cited by 19
Bayly, B. L., Dizon, E., Shrestha, G., Smith, C. L., Tekle, S., & Cooper, B. R. (2020) · Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/10901027.2020.1818652 · Cited by 24
Role of personal anxiety in individual kaizen behaviour and performance: evidence from Japan
Yokozawa, K., Nguyen, H. A., & Tran, T. B. H. (2021) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/ijopm-09-2020-0670 · Cited by 18
Pool, M. O., Hooglugt, J. Q., Kraaijeveld, A. J., Mulder, B. J. M., de Winter, R. J., Schijven, M. P., Robbers‐Visser, D., Boekholdt, S. M., Bouma, B. J., & Winter, M. M. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/j.ijcchd.2022.100332 · Cited by 18
Gao, W., Biswal, B. B., Yang, J., Li, S., Wang, Y., Chen, S., & Yuan, J. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac115 · Cited by 19
Celia, G., Tessitore, F., Cavicchiolo, E., Girelli, L., Limone, P., & Cozzolino, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886538 · Cited by 21
Anxiety in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: State of the science
Shapiro, A. L. (2014) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1002/2327-6924.12118 · Cited by 18
The impact of meal consumption on emotion among individuals with eating disorders
Anderson, L., Crow, S., & Peterson, C. (2013) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-013-0084-1 · Cited by 15
An adult version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-A)
van Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 18
Neural bases underlying the association between balanced time perspective and trait anxiety
Wu, H., Zhou, R., Zhao, L., Qiu, J., & Guo, C. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.039 · Cited by 18
“A growing body of studies have shown that trait anxiety had similar emotional and cognitive processes to anxiety disorder [24,25].”
Riem, M. M. E., & Karreman, A. (2019) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.02.003 · Cited by 18
Recovery-related anxiety and disability following upper limb injury: the importance of context
Mayland, E. C., Hay-Smith, E. J., & Treharne, G. (2015) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.976719 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Tulsa Community College (US)
- Bluffton University (US)
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-08
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 603-618
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W2171256147
- Cited by
- 947
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Keywords
- State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
