Cited by 947Psychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesReliability and Agreement in Measurement

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Barnes, Laura L. B., Harp, Diane, Jung, Woo Sik·2002·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164402062004005

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Abstract

A reliability generalization study for Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was conducted. A total of 816 research articles utilizing the STAI between 1990 and 2000 were reviewed and classified as having (a) ignored reliability (73%), (b) mentioned reliability or reported reliability coefficients from another source (21%), or (c) computed reliability for the data at hand (6%). Articles in medically oriented journals were shorter and somewhat less likely to mention or compute reliability than nonmedically oriented articles, perhaps due to paradigm differences. Average reliability coefficients were acceptable for both internal consistency and test-retest, but variation was present among the estimates. State test-retest coefficients were lower than internal consistency coefficients. Score variability was predictive of internal consistency reliability for scores on both scales. Other predictors were the age of research participants, the form of the STAI, and the type of research design.

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Akman, İ., Kuşçu, M. K., Yurdakul, Z., Özdemir, N., Solakoğlu, M. ̇., Orhon, L., Karabekiroğlu, A., & Özek, E. (2008) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01336.x · Cited by 103
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for youth with anxiety disorders at risk for bipolar disorder: a pilot trial
Cotton, S., Luberto, C. M., Sears, R. W., Strawn, J. R., Stahl, L., Wasson, R. S., Blom, T. J., & Delbello, M. P. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12216 · Cited by 96
State anxiety biases estimates of uncertainty and impairs reward learning in volatile environments
Hein, T. P., de Fockert, J., & Ruiz, M. H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117424 · Cited by 99
Children’s Cognitive Performance and Selective Attention Following Recent Community Violence
McCoy, D. C., Raver, C. C., & Sharkey, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146514567576 · Cited by 99
Validity study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Portuguese version) by the Rasch Rating Scale model
Quintão, S., Delgado, A. R., & Prieto, G. (2013) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722013000200010 · Cited by 96
The effects of trait and state anxiety on attention to emotional images: An eye-tracking study
Quigley, L., Nelson, A. L., Carriere, J. S. A., Smilek, D., & Purdon, C. L. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.662892 · Cited by 95
“The STAI demonstrates good internal consistency and test–retest reliability (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002 ).”
Background
Body awareness: differentiating between sensitivity to and monitoring of bodily signals
Ginzburg, K., Tsur, N., Barak-Nahum, A., & Defrin, R. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9514-9 · Cited by 105
“, 2009), and full version (a = 0.89; Barnes et al., 2002).”
Influential
Maternal Prenatal Mental Health and Placental 11β-HSD2 Gene Expression: Initial Findings from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study
Seth, S., Lewis, A. J., Saffery, R., Lappas, M., & Galbally, M. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161126034 · Cited by 103
“91 [59] and considerable evidence attests to the construct and concurrent validity of the scale [59].”
Background
Consequences of COVID-19 Confinement on Anxiety, Sleep and Executive Functions of Children and Adolescents in Spain
Lavigne-Cerván, R., Costa-López, B., Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R., Real-Fernández, M., Sánchez-Muñoz de León, M., & Navarro-Soria, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565516 · Cited by 119
Sense of coherence and emotional health in adolescents
Moksnes, U. K., Espnes, G. A., & Lillefjell, M. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.013 · Cited by 90
“However, a study by Barnes et al. (2002) showed test-retest of 0.70.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Relationships Among Parental Anxiety, Parenting, and Children’s Anxiety: The Mediating Effects of Children’s Cognitive Vulnerabilities
Pereira, A. I., Barros, L., Mendonça, D. M., & Muris, P. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9767-5 · Cited by 90
“The STAI has demonstrated good internal consistency, good test–retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity (e.g., Barnes et al. 2002; Spielberger et al. 1980).”
Background
The association between anxiety and cardiac interoceptive accuracy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Adams, K. L., Edwards, A., Peart, C., Ellett, L., Mendes, I., Bird, G., & Murphy, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104754 · Cited by 90
Circadian Phase Preference in College Students: Relationships With Psychological Functioning and Academics
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“The internal consistency of the Trait scale ranged from 0.72 to 0.96, and the test-retest reliability ranged from 0.82 to 0.94 (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Influential
Rapid Emotion Regulation After Mood Induction: Age and Individual Differences
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The relationship between self-awareness of neurobehavioral symptoms, cognitive functioning, and emotional symptoms in multiple sclerosis
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Meta‐Analysis of Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Generalization Study
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Clifford, T., & Minnes, P. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1714-6 · Cited by 88
“In previous research, inter-item reliability for both the trait subscale (ranging from a = .72 to a = .96) and state subscale (ranging from a = .65 to a = .96) was quite good (Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
Oxytocin receptor gene and depressive symptoms associated with physiological reactivity to infant crying
Riem, M. M. E., Pieper, S., Out, D., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq035 · Cited by 113
“70, respectively) and high internal consistency ( > 0.89; Barnes et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of Upper Extremity Neural Mobilization on Thermal Pain Sensitivity: A Sham-Controlled Study in Asymptomatic Participants
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“Test–retest reliability was most stable for trait anxiety with Pearson’s r ranging from .82 to .94, compared with values between .34 and .96 for state anxiety (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002).”
Internet based patient education improves informed consent for elective orthopaedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial
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“Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Index, which is a validated survey to assess a patient’s level of anxiety, in this case in relation to their planned surgery [12].”
Method
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“High internal consistency reliability was confirmed in multiple studies (average αs > .91), which also showed lower test–retest coefficients than for the trait scale of the STAI (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
The Family Functioning of Female Pathological Gamblers
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“For example, there is evidence that the state form of the STAI exhibits sound internal consistency (α=0.91 across 52 published studies; Barnes et al. 2002 ), test–retest coefficients (r=0.88; Barnes et al. 2002), content validity (Okun et al. 1996), and factorial validity (Oei et al. 1990).”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiety and Depression in Cystic Fibrosis
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Score Reliability: A Retrospective Look Back at 12 Years of Reliability Generalization Studies
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Attention training to reduce attention bias and social stressor reactivity: An attempt to replicate and extend previous findings
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Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety in Healthcare Professions Students
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“13,14,25,28,31 Test-retest reliability was assessed in college students; the results yielded a Pearson's r ¼ 0.73 − 0.86 for trait anxiety and r ¼ 0.16 − 0.54 for state anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Measuring Attentional Control Ability or Beliefs? Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Convergent Validity of the Attentional Control Scale
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“Both the trait and state anxiety scales have demonstrated high levels of internal reliability (α > .89; Barnes et al. 2002).”
Background
The Relationships of Self-Esteem, Future Time Perspective, Positive Affect, Social Support, and Career Decision: A Longitudinal Multilevel Study
Park, I., Kim, M., Kwon, S., & Lee, H.-G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00514 · Cited by 102
“Unlike trait anxiety, state anxiety may fluctuate depending on the situation and is a function of the stressors (Barnes et al., 2002).”
Background
Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms
Hovenkamp-Hermelink, J. H. M., van der Veen, D. C., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Batelaan, N. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Jeronimus, B. F., Schoevers, R. A., & Riese, H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39931-7 · Cited by 73

Authors: Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Tulsa Community College (US)
Bluffton University (US)
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 62
Issue: 4
Pages: 603-618
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164402062004005
OpenAlex: W2171256147
Cited by: 947
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, reliability generalization, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, anxiety assessment, score variability, research reporting practices

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Reliability Generalization of Scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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