The mediating effects of self-esteem on anxiety and emotion regulation
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with anxiety disorders maladaptively appraise interpersonal threat cues leading to inaccurate interpretations of the self and others. However, little is known about the factors that mediate this association, therefore, the main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between state and trait anxiety, self-esteem, and emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal and suppression. Young adults aged between 18-26 years participated in the study. They completed a set of self-reports measuring emotion regulation, self-esteem, state-trait anxiety, and positive and negative attributes. Participants also completed an experimental task, using the dot-probe paradigm, which measures threat bias and response inhibition. The findings showed that trait and state anxiety predicted suppression, reappraisal, and internalising problems, and is linked to response inhibition. Importantly, low self-esteem, significantly mediated the relationship between increased anxiety and suppression. Taken together, these results show specific associations between emotion regulation and anxiety, highlighting the significant impact of self-esteem in young adults.
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Improvements in ER skills can address several etiologic and maintenance factors within SAD, such as negative self-perception and lack of perceived control, by increasing self-esteem and a sense of control over emotional responses.
“Improvements in ER skills can address several etiologic and maintenance factors within SAD, such as negative self-perception and lack of perceived control that will lessen by increasing self-esteem and a sense of control over emotional responses (Cloitre et al., 1992; Fernandes et al., 2022).”
From Can dialectical behavior therapy skills group treat social anxiety disorder? A brief integrative review (2024) · cites this paper as Fernandes et al., 2022
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that anxiety, self-esteem, and emotion-regulation strategies are related, including a finding that high anxiety and low self-esteem predicted greater use of suppression. But the study examined these relationships in young adults; it does not show that improving ER skills increases self-esteem or perceived control, or that doing so addresses factors maintaining social anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs negative self-perception and lack of perceived control lessen due to increased self-esteem and sense of control, this would lessen an individual's need to engage in post-event rumination.
“As the negative self-perception and lack of perceived control lessen due to the increased self-esteem and sense of control (Cloitre et al., 1992; Fernandes et al., 2022), this would lessen an individual’s need to engage in post-event rumination, especially if they are confident in their sense of control over the situation and in their behavior.”
From Can dialectical behavior therapy skills group treat social anxiety disorder? A brief integrative review (2024) · cites this paper as Fernandes et al., 2022
The Results report that higher self-esteem was associated with lower anxiety, and the Introduction describes anxiety-related inaccurate interpretations of the self. The paper does not show that increasing self-esteem reduces negative self-perception or a lack of perceived control; it did not assess perceived control. The post-event-rumination prediction follows the citation and appears to be the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Yang, Z., Liang, C., Wang, D., & Wang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1842308
Psychological Well-Being in Mexico: Advances, Challenges, and Areas of Attention
Cruz, I., Hernández, L. F. B., Figuerola-Escoto, R. P., & Luna, D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20072-3_7
Aloshi, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1858820
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- Authors
- Fernandes, B., Newton, J., & Essau, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Roehampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Fernandes, Blossom
- Venue
- Psychological Reports
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-02-24
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 787-803
- ISSN
- 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-691X
- PMC
- PMC9003746
- OpenAlex
- W3128176515
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- self-esteem, anxiety, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, suppression, threat bias, response inhibition, internalizing problems, young adults, dot-probe task, mediation
- MeSH terms
- Emotional Regulation, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Emotions, Humans, Self Concept, Young Adult
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