Measuring Alcohol Consumption

Gmel, Gerhard; Rehm, Jürgen

doi:10.1177/009145090403100304

Cited by 467Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesAlcohol Consumption and Health EffectsSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

Measuring Alcohol Consumption

Gmel, Gerhard, Rehm, Jürgen·2004·Contemporary Drug Problems

DOI 10.1177/009145090403100304

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Abstract

This article is an overview of different approaches to measuring alcohol consumption: self-reports and objective measures such as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and aggregate level measures. These approaches are evaluated as regards their ability to capture quantity, frequency, volume and variability of drinking. This review focuses on self-report measures and on the current knowledge of undercoverage error when compared with sales data. In the comparative evaluation of measures, two analytical aims are examined: a) description and testing of differences across groups for which ordinal information is sufficient and b) establishment of cutoff points and risk relationships for which unbiased interval scale level is required. First, minimal differences were found between self-report measures when the recall period was sufficiently long enough. Second, prospective diaries appear to be stronger measures than retrospective recalls. However, prospective diaries commonly cover only short reporting periods and should be combined with simple retrospective measures to capture rare and infrequent drinking episodes. In regard to undercoverage, the discrepancy cannot be fully explained by non-response or concealment of consumption by drinkers. It is argued that undercoverage of sales data may be more related to sample frame defects–-e.g., the non-inclusion of particular subpopulations such as the homeless or institutionalized.

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The diversity of alcohol consumption outcome measures is due in part to varying recall, reference period, and definition of a 'standard drink'.
“The diversity of alcohol consumption outcomes measures is due in part to varying recall, reference period, and definition of a “standard drink” [97–99].”
From Patient-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harms in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-summary (2022) · cites this paper as [99]

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Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report
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Hazardous alcohol drinking and premature mortality in Russia: a population based case-control study
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Alcohol consumption and the risk of morbidity and mortality for different stroke types - a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Comparing alcohol consumption in central and eastern Europe to other European countries
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Alcohol and hypertension: gender differences in dose-response relationships determined through systematic review and meta-analysis
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College Smoking-Cessation Using Cell Phone Text Messaging
Obermayer, J. L., Riley, W. T., Asif, O., & Jean-Mary, J. (2004) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.53.2.71-78 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
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Blunted Psychotomimetic and Amnestic Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Frequent Users of Cannabis
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Alcohol accounts for a high proportion of premature mortality in central and eastern Europe
Rehm, J., Sulkowska, U., Manczuk, M., Boffetta, P., Powles, J., Popova, S., & Zatonski, W. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl294 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
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Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students
Velten, J., Bieda, A., Scholten, S., Wannemüller, A., & Margraf, J. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The alcohol harm paradox: using a national survey to explore how alcohol may disproportionately impact health in deprived individuals
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Deformation-based morphometry of brain changes in alcohol dependence and abstinence
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Statistical modeling of volume of alcohol exposure for epidemiological studies of population health: the US example
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Sex‐Specific Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Cohort Studies
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Lifestyle choices and mental health: a representative population survey
Velten, J., Lavallee, K. L., Scholten, S., Meyer, A. H., Zhang, X.-C., Schneider, S., & Margraf, J. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0055-y · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers
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A narrative review of alcohol consumption as a risk factor for global burden of disease
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Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders
Petrakis, I. L., Poling, J., Levinson, C., Nich, C., Carroll, K., & Rounsaville, B. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.016 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Age–period–cohort modelling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: divergence in younger and older adult trends
Kerr, W. C., Greenfield, T. K., Bond, J. C., Ye, Y., & Rehm, J. T. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02391.x · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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Drinking Motives and Links to Alcohol Use in 13 European Countries
Kuntsche, E. N., Gabhainn, S. N., Roberts, C., Windlin, B., Vieno, A., Bendtsen, P., Hublet, A., Tynjälä, J., Välimaa, R. S., Veselská, Z. D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.428 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Determining the best population-level alcohol consumption model and its impact on estimates of alcohol-attributable harms
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Comparative quantification of alcohol exposure as risk factor for global burden of disease
Rehm, J. T., Klotsche, J., & Patra, J. (2007) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.204 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
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Rapid relapse generally follows treatment for substance use disorders among adolescents
Cornelius, J. R., Maisto, S. A., Pollock, N. K., Martin, C. S., Salloum, I. M., Lynch, K. G., & Clark, D. B. (2003) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00247-7 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Global alcohol exposure estimates by country, territory and region for 2005—a contribution to the C omparative R isk A ssessment for the 2010 G lobal B urden of D isease S tudy
Shield, K. D., Rylett, M., Gmel, G. E., Gmel, G. E., Kehoe‐Chan, T. A. K., & Rehm, J. T. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12112 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
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Validation of the timeline follow-back in the assessment of adolescent smoking
Lewis-Esquerre, J. M., Colby, S. M., Tevyaw, T. O., Eaton, C. A., Kahler, C. W., & Monti, P. M. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.007 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
GABRA2 Alleles Moderate the Subjective Effects of Alcohol, Which are Attenuated by Finasteride
Pierucci‐Lagha, A., Covault, J., Feinn, R., Nellissery, M. J., Hernández–Ávila, C. A., Oncken, C. A., Morrow, A. L., & Kranzler, H. R. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300688 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Gender-specific effects of prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke on auditory and visual attention
Jacobsen, L. K., Slotkin, T. A., Mencl, W. E., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301398 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Alcohol‐attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in Canada 2001: implications for prevention and policy
Rehm, J. T., Patra, J., & Popova, S. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01338.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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Reduction in heavy drinking as a treatment outcome in alcohol dependence
Gastfriend, D. R., Garbutt, J. C., Pettinati, H. M., & Forman, R. F. (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.09.008 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Identifying Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Effects of Concurrent Tobacco Exposure on Neonatal Growth
Gray, T. R., Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Connors, G. J., Shisler, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) of diffusion tensor imaging data in alcohol dependence: Abnormalities of the motivational neurocircuitry
Yeh, P., Simpson, K., Durazzo, T. C., Gazdzinski, S. P., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.07.012 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and burden of disease in the European region 2002
Rehm, J. T., Taylor, B., & Patra, J. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01491.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
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A Randomized Clinical Trial of Alcohol Care Management Delivered in Department of Veterans Affairs Primary Care Clinics Versus Specialty Addiction Treatment
Oslin, D. W., Lynch, K. G., Maisto, S. A., Lantinga, L. J., McKay, J. R., Possemato, K., Ingram, E. P., & Wierzbicki, M. R. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2625-8 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics and determinants of whole brain tissue volume changes during recovery from alcohol dependence
Gazdzinski, S. P., Durazzo, T. C., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.004 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Ecologically based family therapy outcome with substance abusing runaway adolescents
Slesnick, N., & Prestopnik, J. L. (2005) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.02.008 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Naltrexone and Disulfiram in Patients with Alcohol Dependence and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Petrakis, I. L., Poling, J. C., Levinson, C. M., Nich, C., Carroll, K. M., Ralevski, E., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.074 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Psychological trauma and PTSD symptoms as predictors of substance dependence treatment outcomes.
Lavasani, F., Hawke, J., Alessi, S. M., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effects of haloperidol on the behavioral, subjective, cognitive, motor, and neuroendocrine effects of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans
D’Souza, D. C., Braley, G., Blaise, R., Vendetti, M. S., Oliver, S., Pittman, B. P., Ranganathan, M., Bhakta, S. G., Zimolo, Z., Cooper, T. B., et al. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1042-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The effects of cannabinoids on serum cortisol and prolactin in humans
Ranganathan, M., Braley, G., Pittman, B. P., Cooper, T. B., Perry, E. B., Krystal, J. H., & D’Souza, D. C. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1422-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mental health and alcohol use: a cross-sectional study of the Finnish general population
Makela, P., Raitasalo, K., & Wahlbeck, K. (2015) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku133 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Estimating under‐ and over‐reporting of drinking in national surveys of alcohol consumption: identification of consistent biases across four English‐speaking countries
Stockwell, T. R., Zhao, J., Greenfield, T. K., Li, J., Livingston, M., & Meng, Y. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13373 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Incorporating social anxiety into a model of college student problematic drinking
Ham, L. S., & Hope, D. A. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.04.018 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Delay and Probability Discounting in Pathological Gamblers With and Without a History of Substance Use Problems
Andrade, L. F., & Petry, N. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2508-9 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Investigating the drinking patterns of young people over the course of the evening at weekends
Kuntsche, E. N., & Labhart, F. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Understanding trends in Australian alcohol consumption—an age–period–cohort model
Livingston, M., Raninen, J., Slade, T. N., Swift, W., Lloyd, B. K., & Dietze, P. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13396 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Drinking Before Going to Licensed Premises: An Event‐Level Analysis of Predrinking, Alcohol Consumption, and Adverse Outcomes
Labhart, F., Graham, K., Wells, S. L., & Kuntsche, E. N. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01872.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Alcohol use and death by suicide: A meta‐analysis of 33 studies
Isaacs, J. Y., Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Seno, M., Moore, M., & Stewart, S. H. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12846 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Major depression associated with earlier alcohol relapse in treated teens with AUD
Cornelius, J. R., Maisto, S. A., Martin, C. S., Bukstein, O. G., Salloum, I. M., Daley, D. C., Scott Wood, D., & Clark, D. B. (2004) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.056 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cerebral white matter recovery in abstinent alcoholics—a multimodality magnetic resonance study
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Income Differences in Life Expectancy
Martikainen, P., Mäkelä, P., Peltonen, R., & Myrskylä, M. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000064 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Peer pressure and alcohol use in young men: A mediation analysis of drinking motives
Studer, J., Baggio, S., Deline, S., N’Goran, A. A., Henchoz, Y., Mohler‐Kuo, M., Daeppen, J., & Gmel, G. E. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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An anxiety sensitivity reduction smoking-cessation program for Spanish-speaking smokers (Argentina)
Zvolensky, M. J., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Farris, S. G., & Bakhshaie, J. (2014) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.005 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Maximum Quantity Consumed and Alcohol‐Related Problems: Assessing the Most Alcohol Drunk With Two Measures
Greenfield, T. K., Nayak, M. B., Bond, J. C., Ye, Y., & Midanik, L. T. (2006) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00189.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A double blind, placebo-controlled trial that combines disulfiram and naltrexone for treating co-occurring cocaine and alcohol dependence
Pettinati, H. M., Kampman, K. M., Lynch, K. G., Xie, H., Dackis, C., Rabinowitz, A. R., & O′Brien, C. P. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.11.011 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Naltrexone with or without fluoxetine for preventing relapse to heroin addiction in St. Petersburg, Russia
Krupitsky, E. M., Zvartau, E. E., Masalov, D. V., Tsoy, M. V., Burakov, A. M., Egorova, V. Y., Didenko, T. Y., Romanova, T. N., Ivanova, E. B., Bespalov, A. Y., et al. (2006) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.05.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Marijuana Check-up: promoting change in ambivalent marijuana users.
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Authors: Gmel, G., & Rehm, J.
Affiliations: Addiction Switzerland (CH)
University of Toronto (CA)
ORCID: Gmel, Gerhard
Rehm, Jürgen
Venue: Contemporary Drug Problems
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-09
Volume: 31
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-540
ISSN: 0091-4509 (ISSN-L)
2163-1808
DOI: 10.1177/009145090403100304
OpenAlex: W268934328
Cited by: 466
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 17.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Contemporary Drug Problems (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: alcohol consumption measurement, self-report measures, blood alcohol concentration, sales data, retrospective recall, drinking frequency, drinking quantity

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