The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self
Abstract
People often cling to beliefs even in the face of disconfirming evidence and interpret ambiguous information in a manner that bolsters strongly held attitudes. The authors tested a motivational account suggesting that these defensive reactions would be ameliorated by an affirmation of an alternative source of self-worth. Consistent with this interpretation, participants were more persuaded by evidence impugning their views toward capital punishment when they were self-affirmed than when they were not (Studies 1 and 2). Affirmed participants also proved more critical of an advocate whose arguments confirmed their views on abortion and less confident in their own attitudes regarding that issue than did unaffirmed participants (Study 3). Results suggest that assimilation bias and resistance to persuasion are mediated, in part, by identity-maintenance motivations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In terms of research interventions, reducing ego-defensiveness by encouraging people to affirm positive things about themselves sometimes helps to reduce information-processing biases129,130.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, as a means of identity self-defense, individuals conform their appraisals of information in a manner that buttresses beliefs associated with belonging to particular groups (Cohen, Aronson & Steele, 2000;Cohen, 2003;Cohen, Sherman, Bastardi, Hsu, McGoey & Ross, in press).”
From Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception (2007) · cites this paper as Cohen, Aronson & Steele, 2000
In the citing paper
“Researchers have shown that individuals who are either personally affirmed or exposed to group-affirming stimuli thereafter display less bias when processing information that is contrary to beliefs dominantly held by their peers (Cohen, 2000;Sherman & Cohen, 2002;Cohen et al., in press).”
From Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception (2007) · cites this paper as Cohen, 2000
In the citing paper
“Participants even changed their global attitudes toward capital punishment in the direction of the report they read.That is, proponents of capital punishment supported the death penalty less, and opponents of capital punishment supported it more (Cohen et al., 2000, Study 2).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“When self-integrity is aYrmed, people are less biased in their judgments of information related to their political identity (Cohen et al., 2000), their health (Reed & Aspinwall, 1998;Sherman et al., 2000), and their impressions of others (Fein & Spencer, 1997;Spencer et al., 2001).”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Cohen et al., 2000
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,740
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697
Self-citationThe Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes
Katz, D. (1960) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/266945 · Cited by 3,130
Theories of cognitive consistency : a sourcebook
Abelson, R. P. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,002
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956) · doi:10.1037/10030-000 · Cited by 1,579
Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression
Linville, P. W. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.663 · Cited by 1,399
Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression.
Linville, P. W. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.4.663 · Cited by 1,399
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Bastardi, N., 2000, Maintaining self-integrity: Effects of threat to personal identity on evidence evaluation and concession making
- Bless, H., 1990, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 99, 229
- Gilovich, T., 1991, How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human reasoning in everyday life
- Harber, K., 1995, Sources of Validation Scale
- 10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.26 · DOI
- Ross, L., 1980, New directions for methodology of behavioral science: Fallible judgment in behavioral research
- Ross, L., 1995, Values and knowledge
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 580
Self-affirmation enhances processing of negative stimuli among threat-prone individuals
Finley, A. J., Crowell, A. L., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy036 · Cited by 12
van Allen, Z., & Zelenski, J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01964 · Cited by 13
Cheater's hide and seek: Strategic cognitive network activation during ethical decision making
Shea, C. T., Lee, J., Menon, T., & Im, D.-K. (2019) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2019.03.005 · Cited by 12
Abendroth, J., Nauroth, P., Richter, T., & Gollwitzer, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261535 · Cited by 9
Out of Flatland: The Role of the Notion of a Worldview in the Science of Well-being
Garcia, D., & Rosenberg, P. (2016) · Mens Sana monographs · doi:10.4103/0973-1229.193082 · Cited by 11
Iles, I. A., Nan, X., Ma, Z., Feldman, R. H. L., Butler, J. T., Wang, M. Q., & Zhao, X. (2018) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896918805129 · Cited by 11
Sociopolitical Values as the Deep Culture in Culturally-Competent Psychotherapy
Redding, R. E., & Cobb, C. L. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221126688 · Cited by 14
Teaching for Social Justice: Reeducating the Emotions Through Literary Study
Bracher, M. (2006) · Cited by 11
Self-affirmation counteracts the effects of burdens on judgments of distance
Shea, L., & Masicampo, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.006 · Cited by 11
Effects of self‐affirmation on emotion and cardiovascular responses
Chen, W., Nelson, A. M., Johnson, H. B., & Fleming, R. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2986 · Cited by 12
Main, K., & Darke, P. R. (2019) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915619829730 · Cited by 11
Han, J., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662520939315 · Cited by 11
Self-affirmation counters the effects of self-regulatory resource depletion on height perception
Huynh, S., Stefanucci, J. K., & Aspinwall, L. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.003 · Cited by 11
A Causal Role for Negative Affect: Misattribution in Biased Evaluations of Scientific Information
Munro, G. D., Stansbury, J. A., & Tsai, J. (2010) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.499707 · Cited by 12
Spoelma, T. M., & Marchiondo, L. A. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2823 · Cited by 15
Fogg, B. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-155860643-2/50005-6 · Cited by 10
Choi, J., & So, J. (2018) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292986.2018.1555265 · Cited by 10
Self-affirmation inductions to reduce defensive processing of threatening health risk information
Iles, I. A., Gillman, A. S., Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. P. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1945060 · Cited by 12
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.002 · Cited by 11
Political ideology and belief change in the face of counterevidence
Kossowska, M., Czarnek, G., & Szwed, P. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2965 · Cited by 11
He, Y., Hu, M., Chen, Q., Alden, D. L., & He, W. (2017) · Customer Needs and Solutions · doi:10.1007/s40547-017-0078-7 · Cited by 10
A double-edged sword: when does identity threat affect unethical behavior?
Zhou, J., Dou, J., & Wang, X. (. (2019) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2019.80 · Cited by 10
Self-Affirmation Interventions to Change Health Behaviors
Schüz, B., Cooke, R. W. I., Schüz, N., & van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802690-8.00006-2 · Cited by 10
Krakowiak, K. M., & Tsay‐Vogel, M. (2017) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2017.1407797 · Cited by 10
Processes of social influence through attitude change
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015) · APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 1: Attitudes and social cognition. · doi:10.1037/14341-016 · Cited by 17
Look Who’s Watching: Platform Labels and User Engagement on State-Backed Media Outlets
Bradshaw, S., Elswah, M., & Perini, A. (2023) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027642231175639 · Cited by 9
McGregor, I., Tran, A., Auger, É., Britton, E., Hayes, J., Elnakouri, A., Eftekhari, E., Sharpinskyi, K., Arbiv, O. A., & Nash, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104350 · Cited by 10
Gorlin, E. I., & Schuur, R. (2018) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-018-9919-x · Cited by 9
Affirming The Self Online: Motives, Benefits And Costs Of Facebook Use
Toma, C. L. (2010) · eCommons (Cornell University) · Cited by 9
Taking Stereotypes Out of Stereotype Threat: The Effect of Role-Based ExpectationsPreprint
Galinsky, A. D., Thompson, L., & Kray, L. J. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.399620 · Cited by 9
Rossum, A. V., van Laar, C., & Scheepers, D. T. (2024) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12107 · Cited by 14
Activism and Objectivity in Political Research
Frazer, M. L. (2023) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592723000518 · Cited by 11
Söderberg, I., & Wester, M. (2012) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2012.08.007 · Cited by 8
Sereno, K., Walter, N., & Brooks, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12664 · Cited by 10
When accidents are good for a brand
Gaustad, T. B., Utgård, J., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.040 · Cited by 8
An exploration of engagement and effectiveness of an online values affirmation
Bayly, B. L., & Bumpus, M. F. (2019) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2020.1717542 · Cited by 9
Hung, J. W., Hartanto, A., Goh, A. Y. H., Eun, Z. K. Y., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., Lee, Z. X., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100151 · Cited by 11
Huang, P.-S., Liu, C., Chen, H., & Sommers, S. (2018) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-018-9429-y · Cited by 7
Group affirmation influences acceptance of environmental risk messages
Wang, Z., & Arpan, L. M. (2020) · Applied Environmental Education & Communication · doi:10.1080/1533015x.2020.1726232 · Cited by 7
It’s a problem, but not mine: Exploring bias-related message acceptance among teachers
Doyle, L., Easterbrook, M. J., & Harris, P. R. (2023) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-023-09832-9 · Cited by 9
Using aesthetics and self-affirmation to encourage openness to risky (and safe) choices.
Shu, S. B., & Townsend, C. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000003 · Cited by 7
Schmeichel, B. J., Caskey, R., & Hicks, J. A. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.952772 · Cited by 7
Social-Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying the Justice Motive
van den Bos, K., & Bal, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3216-0_10 · Cited by 8
Huppin, M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520951312 · Cited by 7
Barak‐Corren, N. (2020) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.12385 · Cited by 7
Chung, E. (2021) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12010257 · Cited by 8
Historical and contemporary issues
Bowman, S. W. (2014) · Praeger eBooks · Cited by 7
Ostracism, resources, and the perception of human motion
Gorman, J. L., Harber, K. D., Shiffrar, M., & Quigley, K. S. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2213 · Cited by 7
Validación del pensamiento y persuasión
Briñol, P., Becerra, A., Gallardo, I., Horcajo, J., & Valle, C. (2004) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 7
Pandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.158958018.83880224 · Cited by 7
Values of cancer survivors and the supportive role of recreational video games
Comello, M. L. G., Francis, D. B., Hursting, L. M., Swarner, E., & Marshall, L. H. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319871663 · Cited by 6
Vicarious self-affirmation: Understanding key mechanisms
Ott, J. M., & Moyer‐Gusé, E. (2020) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2020.1846565 · Cited by 7
Li, S., Xia, Y., Zhao, W., Miao, X., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00292-8 · Cited by 6
Griffiths, M., & Brooks, D. J. (2012) · Journal of Applied Security Research · doi:10.1080/19361610.2012.656256 · Cited by 6
Conceptualizing similarities and differences between purpose in life and self‐affirmation
Burd, K. A., & Burrow, A. L. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12366 · Cited by 7
Hwang, T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.012 · Cited by 12
Bolstering biculturals: Self-affirmation reduces contrastive responses to identity primes
Liu, Z., Brockner, J., & Morris, M. W. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104150 · Cited by 6
Faire « appel à la peur » pour persuader ? Revue de la littérature et perspectives de recherche
Blondé, J., & Girandola, F. (2016) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.161.0067 · Cited by 6
Toxic Theisms? New Strategies for Prebunking Religious Belief-Behaviour Complexes
Shults, F. L. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Historiography · doi:10.1558/jch.38074 · Cited by 6
Group-affirmation and trust in international relations: Evidence from Ukraine
Chung, E., & Pechenkina, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239944 · Cited by 6
The effects of matching a persuasive message to a recipient's self-concept on attitude change
Branković, M., & Žeželj, I. L. (2010) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1003233b · Cited by 6
Listen to this: Why consumer behavior researchers should care about listening
Itzchakov, G., & Wheeler, S. C. (2023) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1092 · Cited by 5
When training backfires and what can be done about it
Steele, L. M., & Vandello, J. A. (2019) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2019.3 · Cited by 5
The Influence of Incidental Tokenism on Private Evaluations of Stereotype-Typifying Products
Paul, I., Parker, J. R., & Dommer, S. L. (2019) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272519865502 · Cited by 5
Sobre la resistencia a la Psicología Social
Briñol, P., Blanco, A., & de la Corte, L. (2008) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1174/021347408783399507 · Cited by 5
Liu, C., Huang, P., Chang, J., Lin, C., & Huang, C.-C. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.023 · Cited by 5
Transmission and refutation of organisational rumours: Consumer identification and processing types
Grover, A., Foreman, J., & Hsieh, M. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1761 · Cited by 5
Premise Disputes and Political Ideology
Barker, D. C., & Marietta, M. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123420000460 · Cited by 4
Chung, E. (2023) · Foreign Policy Analysis · doi:10.1093/fpa/orad005 · Cited by 5
Guenther, C. L., & Alicke, M. D. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0093 · Cited by 5
Putting values into words: An examination of the text characteristics of values articulation
Katz, A. M., Czech, S. J., & Orsillo, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.11.004 · Cited by 4
Men's Hostile Sexism Predicts Skepticism of Sexual Assault Science
Betz, D. E., Deegan, K., & Gomes, A. (2023) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231215373 · Cited by 4
Scharrer, L., Stadtler, M., & Bromme, R. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3563 · Cited by 4
Lowering the barriers to change: Can processing‐related self‐affirmations overcome resistance?
Emonds, T., Verwijmeren, T., & Müller, B. C. N. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12977 · Cited by 4
Lammers, J., Schulte, A., & Baldwin, M. W. (2023) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12362 · Cited by 9
MacKenzie, N. L., & Agoglia, C. P. (2025) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2025.101592 · Cited by 4
Nan, X., Iles, I. A., & Ma, Z. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1885773 · Cited by 4
Overcoming Knowledge Resistance: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies
Ingre, M., Lindholm, T., & Strömbäck, J. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003111474-14 · Cited by 4
Testing the effects of group-affirmation in active conflict: Ukrainians’ trust toward Russia
Chung, E., & Pechenkina, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270266 · Cited by 4
Cerully, J. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 5
Self-Affirmation Buffers Claimed Self-Handicapping? A Test of Contextual and Individual Moderators
Tandler, S., Schwinger, M., Kaminski, K. S., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.55042 · Cited by 4
Persuasive health communication : A self-perspective
Pietersma, S. (2009) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 4
Structure is Management of Uncertainty in GroupsPreprint
Hoey, J. (2020) · SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rzywc · Cited by 4
From the streets to the ballots: protests, polls and polarization in Hong Kong
Nilsen, A. (2025) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2025.2553828 · Cited by 4
Democratic Decision Making and the Psychology of Risk
Christiansen, A. T., & Hallsson, B. G. (2017) · Les ateliers de l éthique · doi:10.7202/1042278ar · Cited by 3
How the Cognitive Science of Belief Can Transform the Study of Mental Health
Mandelbaum, E., & Porot, N. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3611 · Cited by 3
Macchione, A. L., & Sacco, D. F. (2023) · Journal for STEM Education Research · doi:10.1007/s41979-023-00085-x · Cited by 3
Spontaneous self-affirmation: an adaptive coping strategy for people with chronic pain
You, D. S., Hettie, G., Darnall, B. D., & Ziadni, M. S. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2022-0099 · Cited by 4
Psychological threat and turnout misreporting
Kuhn, P. M., Mellish, S., & Vivyan, N. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102276 · Cited by 3
Partisan Confidence Model for Group Polarization
Kooshkaki, A. R., Bolouki, S., Etesami, S. R., & Mohebbi, A. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2023.3255819 · Cited by 3
Examining self‐affirmation as a tactic for recruiting inactive women into exercise interventions
More, K. R., Phillips, L. A., Green, Z., & Mentzou, A. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12303 · Cited by 3
The Role of Self-Threat and Self-Affirmation in Initiation of Political Conversations
Argyle, L. P., & Freeze, M. (2024) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x241263079 · Cited by 3
Self-affirmed for saving energy in the United States: Cognition, intention, and behavior
Chen, C., Loibl, C., Whitmarsh, L. E., Moulton, S., & Yi, H. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103764 · Cited by 3
Leveraging Motivations to Curb Misinformation
Saucier, C. J., Calabrese, C., & Walter, N. (2025) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000481 · Cited by 3
Braman, D., Kahan, D. M., & Grimmelmann, J. (2005) · Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University) · Cited by 3
The Role of Self-Affirmation in Consumer Persuasion
Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Gallardo, I. (2006) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 3
Why Do We Disagree about our Obligations to the Poor?
Seipel, P. (2019) · Ethical Theory and Moral Practice · doi:10.1007/s10677-019-09975-9 · Cited by 3
Gest, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197641798.003.0013 · Cited by 3
THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM: USING HUMOR TO ACKNOWLEDGE ONE'S STIGMATIZED IDENTITY AND REDUCE PREJUDICE
Focella, E. S. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 3
Gu, J. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, G. L., Aronson, J., & Steele, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Geoffrey L.
- ORCID
- Cohen, Geoffrey L.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1151-1164
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2041949427
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 16.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- self-affirmation, resistance to persuasion, identity preservation, motivated reasoning, belief updating, disconfirming evidence, abortion attitudes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
