Is this about You or Me? Self-Versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction

“Furthermore, research by Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001) showed that Aboriginal Canadians appeared to personalize the perceived negative behavior of White Canadians during their interaction and experience discomfort and self-directed negative affect (e.g., self-critical, guilty).”

“To the extent that Blacks (Shelton, 2000) and other minority group members ( Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001 ) may, for historical reasons or personal experience, be particularly sensitive to signs of rejection, dislike, or discrimination, they are likely to weigh the negative signals more heavily than the more positive overt…”

“Research similarly suggests that prejudiced attitudes toward a cross-group partner's ethnic group should invoke anxiety in intergroup interactions (Stephan & Stephan, 1985, 2000) and more negative expectations for these interactions (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Recent research suggests that such contact may be challenging, if not threatening, for members of dominant groups (Blascovich et al., 2001), particularly when they harbor prejudiced attitudes toward their interaction partners (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Women and minorities tend to notice subtle discrimination to a greater degree than high-status White men (Dovidio, Gaertner, Kawakami, & Hodson, 2002; Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“As a result, both the listener and the speaker form metaperceptions of how they think they are being evaluated by the other person (Vorauer, 2006; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“…stigmatized people can accurately perceive bias and may be attuned to potential signs of this bias in mixed interactions (Kaiser & Miller, 2001; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001) and, as a consequence, have developed coping styles or compensatory repertoires that are activated when they are aware of…”

“…there is a multitude of evidence that women and other stigmatized group members are loath to make attributions to discrimination (Crosby, 1984; Vorauer and Kumhyr, 2001; Stangor et al., 2003) and instead are likely to make internal attributions for negative evaluations unless they are certain…”

“…2001; Vorauer et al., 1998), and that people expect to be viewed in terms of stereotypes of their groups (Krueger, 1996), especially when they anticipate being perceived or evaluated by outgroup (rather than ingroup) members (Pinel, 1999; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“This research illustrated the potency of metaperceptions by showing that they played an even bigger role in affecting the intergroup interaction than the stereotypes participants themselves held about the outgroup (e.g., seeing Aboriginal Canadians as lazy; see also Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“…contact with members of racial minority groups may encourage members of dominant racial groups to inhibit or even to actively suppress stereotypical beliefs, anxious reactions, or simply uncertainty regarding how to behave (Goff et al., 2003; Hebl et al., 2000; Plant, 2001; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Members of dominant groups often experience anxiety during interracial interactions because they are concerned about behaving in prejudiced ways (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“This focus allowed us to build directly on previous work that has used explicit measures to demonstrate meta-stereotype effects in the context of this relationship (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 1999; Vorauer et al,, 1998).”

“Whites’ prejudice expectancies have been the focus of recent work by Plant and Devine (2003) as well as Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001).”

“…low social status groups (e.g., women and Blacks) are more attentive to the subtle instances of discrimination than are members of high-power, high social status groups (e.g., White men; Dovidio, Gaertner, Kawakami, & Hodson, 2002; Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Despite the assumption in the literature that most Whites are concerned about portraying a non-prejudiced image, there has been little empirical research that examines this interpersonal concern in intergroup interactions (see Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001 for an exception).”

“Consequently, one might expect people who blame rejection on discrimination to be just as angry, and perhaps angrier, than people who blame rejection on a lack of ability or on a “jerk.” Several studies on prejudice illustrate the importance of differentiating between self-directed and otherdirected affect (e.g., Devi…”

“Similarly, when White Canadians perceive that they are evaluated negatively by native, Aboriginal Canadians, they tend to evaluate Aboriginal Canadians more negatively (see Vorauer, 2003; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“There is evidence that intergroup anxiety leads to suspicion towards the outgroup (Henderson-King & Nisbett, 1996 ), intergroup distrust (Dovidio, Gaertner, Kawakami, & Hodson, 2002 ) and increased concerns for the self (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001 ).”

“…interaction on a single occasion (Avery et al., 2009; Blascovich et al., 2001; Hyers & Swim, 1998; Littleford et al., 2005; Shelton, 2003; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), whereas intergroup contact is typically operationalized as the quantity of intergroup interactions or even close cross-group…”

“These behaviors may take a number of different forms, the first of which involves misperceiving or overperceiving interactants' behaviors as negative (e.g., Kleck & Strenta, 1980; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“The literature has primarily focused on interracial contact that lasts just a few minutes and take place on a single occasion (Dovidio et al., 2002; McConnell & Leibold, 2001; Gailliot et al., 2007; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Trawalter & Richeson, 2008; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“With respect to racial attitudes, higher-prejudice White Canadians are more likely than lower-prejudice White Canadians to believe that First Nations interaction partners will perceive them meta-stereotypically (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001 ; Vorauer et al, 1998 ).”

“…suppressing stereotypical beliefs, anxious reactions, or the uncertainty regarding how to behave during interracial interactions (see e.g., Devine & Vasquez, 1998; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), but such self–regulatory efforts temporarily deplete cognitive resources (e.g., Muraven & Baumeister, 2000).”

“SpeciWcally, research suggests that interracial interactions are especially likely to heighten concerns about appearing prejudiced (Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), and prompt eVorts to avoid doing so (Plant, 2001), for members of dominant racial groups.”

“Even in the absence of any actual discrimination, stigmatized group members’ expectations about the stereotypes Others hold (i.e., meta-stereotypes) relate to lower self-esteem and more negative emotions (Vorauer, Main, & O’Connell, 1998; see Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“To test our predictions, we employed a data analytic approach at the dyadic level similar to that of Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001).”

“Group identities play an important role in peoples’ self-concept (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), self-esteem, and self-evaluations (Avery, McKay, & Wilson, 2008; Hogg, 2000; Tsui & O’Reilly, 1989).”

“…© 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 96, No. 4, 811–827 0022-3514/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0013411 811 group members’ actual impressions (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), are thought to arise as a function of factors such as lower and higher prejudice individuals’ different levels of…”

“Such judgments are likely to be even more difficult to make during actual interracial interactions (e.g., Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001 ), given that many factors, including individuals’ goals, influence their nonverbal behavior.”

“The so far limited research in this area suggests a potential influence of the speaker’s perceptions of her or his use of language on her or his behavior (Cargile et al., 1994; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Measuring event-related potentials, Walker, Silvert, Hewstone, and Nobre (2008) showed that differences in Whites’ processing of their own vs. other-race faces were reduced with increased self-reported out-group contact, demonstrating the malleability of internal neural responses through external social experiences su…”

“…that outgroup members hold of their ingroup, enable people to make inferences and expectations about others who are likely to stereotype them (L. M. Brown & Dobbins, 2004; Sigelman & Tuch, 1997; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer, Main, & O’Connell, 1998).”

“Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001) reported that minorities are able to detect majority group members’ implicit negative attitudes.”

“…LIBRARY on April 13, 2015psp.sagepub.comDownloaded from and, consequently, being evaluated negatively loom large (e.g., Dunton & Fazio, 1997; Plant & Butz, 2006; Plant & Devine, 1998, 2003; Shelton, 2003; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer, Main, & O’Connell, 1998).”

“Members of devalued social groups are motivated to disambiguate such information, becoming vigilant for cues of bias (Murphy, Steele, & Gross, 2007) and monitoring interaction partners to discern their actual intentions and beliefs (Dovidio, 2001; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“…two nonstigmatized versus one nonstigmatized and one stigmatized group member), European Canadian participants experienced more negative emotions (such as remorse, guilt, anger, and hostility) when interacting with aboriginal Canadians than with other European Canadians (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“When interracial interactions are difficult, they tend to heighten Whites' concerns about appearing racist (Richeson & Shelton, 2007; Shapiro & Neuberg, 2008; Shelton, Richeson, & Vorauer, 2006; Shelton, West, & Trail, 2010; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000).”

“Intergroup anxiety is associated with increased concerns for the self (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), negative emotions (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003), simplified information processing and reduced attention to disconfirming information (Wilder & Shapiro, 1989), increased dominant responses (Islam &…”

“In the White-White pairs, we randomly selected one pair member to be the participant and the other to be the partner (see Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Although the importance of spontaneous behaviors in interracial interaction should not be downplayed (Dovidio et al., 2002; Vorauer and Kumhyr, 2001; Chen and Bargh, 1997), the lack of evidence linking implicit racial attitudes to deliberate and controllable behavior is an important obstacle to an…”

“For instance, performance orientation of European Americans may arise from concerns about appearing prejudiced or a desire to demonstrate their egalitarian values (e.g., Devine et al., 2005; Dovidio & Gaertner, 2004; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Second, Whites' concerns of being nonprejudiced may hinder accuracy by causing Whites to become self-focused (Vorauer, 2006), scrutinizing their own thoughts and behaviors for signs of prejudice, and consequently diverting their attention away from racial minority partners (Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“Research demonstrates that many people do not label negative events as gender prejudice, even when they experience situations that others have identified as prejudice (Magely et al. 1999; Vorauer and Kumhyr 2001 ).”

“…0.041, p .001; pity: B 0.022, p .001; contempt: B 0.126, p .001; envy: B 0.045, p .001. perception to the experience of discrimination (Frey & Tropp, 2006; Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000), but it is plausible that a more complex bidirectional causation exists (see also Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001).”

“…in interactions (Carr et al., 2012; Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner, 2002; MacInnis & Page‐Gould, 2015; Shelton, Dovidio, Hebl, & Richeson, 2009; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), and insensitivity toward the suffering of disadvantaged groups (Čehajić, Brown, & González, 2009; Harris & Fiske, 2006)…”

“Meta-stereotypes have also been found to influence interpersonal judgement, the expectations and experience of intergroup interactions, and behaviour towards both ingroup and outgroup members (Shelton, Richeson, & Salvatore, 2005; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer et al., 1998).”

“1 See also Vorauer and colleagues’ work on metastereotyping (Vorauer, Hunter, Main, & Roy, 2000; Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer, Main, & O'Connell, 1998; Vorauer, Martens, & Sasaki, 2009).”

“First, in line with previous studies (e.g., Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001), participants with moderate or high levels of prejudice had more negative expectations regarding the future intergroup interaction when negative meta-stereotypes were activated.”

“Perceptions of outgroups, such as dehumanization and prejudice, are themselves often influenced by metaperceptions, people’s perception of how an outgroup views their own ingroup (e.g., Vorauer & Kumhyr, 2001; Vorauer et al., 1998).”

“This interpretation is consistent with research showing that unambiguous and ambiguous bias both increase negative emotions, but that these emotions are more likely to be directed toward the other when bias is unambiguous, and toward the self when bias is ambiguous (Crocker et al., 1991; Vorauer and Kumhyr, 2001; Elle…”

“Intergroup relations from the perspective of people’s thoughts and feelings about themselves Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001) conducted a study to demonstrate that, independently of their status, people frame intergroup interaction and respond to this interaction based on thoughts and beliefs about…”