Smartphones distract parents from cultivating feelings of connection when spending time with their children

Kushlev, Kostadin; Dunn, Elizabeth W.

doi:10.1177/0265407518769387

Cited by 162Child Development and Digital TechnologyImpact of Technology on AdolescentsFamily Dynamics and Relationships

Smartphones distract parents from cultivating feelings of connection when spending time with their children

Open access

Kushlev, Kostadin, Dunn, Elizabeth W.·2019·Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

DOI 10.1177/0265407518769387

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In the U.S., 95% of smartphone users admit to having used their smartphones during their latest social gathering. Although smartphones are designed to connect us with others, such smartphone use may create a source of distraction that disconnects us from the people in our immediate social environment. Focusing on one fundamental social relationship—between parents and their children—we examined whether smartphones made parents feel distracted, thereby undermining key benefits parents reap when spending time with their children. Ina field experiment at a science museum (Study 1), we randomly assigned parents to use their phones frequently or infrequently. Frequent phone use led parents to feel more distracted, which in turn impaired feelings of social connection and the meaning that parents derived when spending time with their children. In an additional weeklong diary study (Study 2), we found further evidence that smartphones can distract parents from reaping a sense of social connection when spending time with their children. These studies suggest that being constantly connected to the Internet may carry subtle costs for the fabric of social life.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0265407518769387

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Across a variety of social situations, phones decrease well-being precisely by fragmenting people's attention.
“Indeed, across a variety of social situations-from spending time with one's children [29] to sharing a meal with friends [30]-phones decrease well-being precisely by fragmenting people's attention [24].”
From The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as [29]

Untitled work
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015 · Cited by 6,077 · see citing works
Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other
Fernández Pedemonte, D. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-7239 · Cited by 4,606 · see citing works
A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422 · see citing works
The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception
Gibson, J. J. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203767764 · Cited by 2,603 · see citing works
A wandering mind is an unhappy mind
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1192439 · Cited by 2,575 · see citing works
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266002 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips
Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegner, D. M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1207745 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
On the economy of the human-processing system.
Navon, D., & Gopher, D. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.3.214 · Cited by 1,668 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: The Development and Initial Validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R)
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069841 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built Upon Ancient Foundations
Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369469 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence.
Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000057 · Cited by 988 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…has documented the psychological consequences of specific digital affordances, such as staying in touch with remote others (Guillory et al., 2015; Verduyn et al., 2015)and finding information (Kushlev & Proulx, 2016; Sparrow, Liu, & Wegner, 2011), but this work has largely neglected the…”
Background
Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model.
Lee, R. M., Draper, M., & Lee, S. (2001) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.48.3.310 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512453827 · Cited by 751 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the interference process, Dwyer, Kushlev, and Dunn (in press) showed that people enjoyed a meal with friends significantly less when they were able to use their phones during the meal (compared to when phones were put away; see also: Kushlev & Heintzelman, in press; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”
The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being?
Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035444 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
The challenge of absent presence
Gergen, K. J. (2002) · Perpetual Contact · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489471.018 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
The Culture of Speed: The Coming of Immediacy
Tomlinson, J. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446212738 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children during meals in fast food restaurants
Radesky, J. S., Kistin, C. J., Zuckerman, B., Nitzberg, K., Gross, J., Kaplan-Sanoff, M., Augustyn, M., & Silverstein, M. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3703 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Environmental Detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world
Klopfer, E. D., Squire, K. D., & Jenkins, H. (2003) · IEEE International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Ubiquitous Technology in Education (WMUTE) · doi:10.1109/wmte.2002.1039227 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions
Dwyer, R. J., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.007 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citation
Deconstructing Family Time: From Ideology to Lived Experience
Daly, K. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00283.x · Cited by 365 · see citing works
In Defense of Parenthood
Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., English, T., Dunn, E. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612447798 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Children's Internet Use in a Family Context: Influence on Family Relationships and Parental Mediation
Lee, S., & Chae, Y. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9975 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Educational Gradients in Parents' Child‐Care Time Across Countries, 1965–2012
Sani, G. M. D., & Treas, J. (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12305 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Checking email less frequently reduces stress
Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.005 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Present shock: when everything happens now
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-0842 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Texting while Parenting
Hiniker, A., Sobel, K., Suh, H., Sung, Y.-C., Lee, C. P., & Kientz, J. A. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702199 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Smarter than you think: how technology is changing our minds for the better
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-3207 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Towards Homo Digitalis: Important Research Issues for Psychology and the Neurosciences at the Dawn of the Internet of Things and the Digital Society
Montag, C., & Diefenbach, S. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10020415 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Managing Expectations
Blackwell, L., Gardiner, E., & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2016) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2818048.2819928 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Facebook usage on smartphones and gray matter volume of the nucleus accumbens
Montag, C., Markowetz, A., Blaszkiewicz, K., Andone, I., Lachmann, B., Sariyska, R., Trendafilov, B., Eibes, M., Kolb, J., Reuter, M., et al. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.035 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
An Ethical Approach to Peeking at Data
Sagarin, B. J., Ambler, J. K., & Lee, E. M. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614528214 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Digitally connected, socially disconnected: the effects of relying on technology rather than other people
Kushlev, K., Proulx, J. D. E., & Dunn, E. W. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
"Okay, One More Episode"
Mazmanian, M., & Lanette, S. (2017) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998218 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Parents Reap What They Sow
Ashton-James, C. E., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613479804 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The product of availability
Mazmanian, M., & Erickson, I. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557381 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Making Time
Lindley, S. E. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675157 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Put the phone down: testing a complement-interfere model of computer-mediated communication in the context of face-to-face interactions
Kushlev, K., & Heintzelman, S. J. (2018) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617722199 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Missed Programs (You Can’t TiVo This One): Why Psychologists Should Study Media
Okdie, B. M., Roskos‐Ewoldsen, D. R., Muscanell, N. L., Guadagno, R. E., Eno, C. A., Velez, J. A., Dunn, R. A., O’Mally, J., & Smith, L. R. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614521243 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rounding the bases with a secure base
Stupica, B. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1170052 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Text messaging reduces analgesic requirements during surgery
Guillory, J. E., Hancock, J. T., Woodruff, C., & Keilman, J. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12610 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Previous research has documented the psychological consequences of specific digital affordances, such as staying in touch with remote others (Guillory et al., 2015; Verduyn et al., 2015)and finding information (Kushlev & Proulx, 2016; Sparrow, Liu, & Wegner, 2011), but this work has largely neglected the concurrent af…”
Background
The Social Costs of Ubiquitous Information: Consuming Information on Mobile Phones Is Associated with Lower Trust
Kushlev, K., & Proulx, J. D. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162130 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The big disconnect: the story of technology and loneliness
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-2627 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190434 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories
Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142612 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“Beyond the mentioned issues, (excessive use of) smartphones is known to impact on social communication in terms of reducing smiles when interacting with strangers [13], enjoyment of face-to-face interaction [14] or drawing parent’s attention away from their children [15].”
Background
The Multipurpose Application WeChat: A Review on Recent Research
Montag, C., Becker, B., & Gan, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02247 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“…also touch the area of a digital etiquette (Montag and Diefenbach, 2018), and more detailed, if WeChat usage leads to lower social connection/taking less care of one’s own children (Kushlev and Dunn, 2018), possibly also resulting in lower empathy (Melchers et al., 2015; Lachmann et al., 2018).”
Background
Parent distraction with phones, reasons for use, and impacts on parenting and child outcomes: A review of the emerging research
McDaniel, B. T. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.139 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Two social lives: how differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes
Lieberman, A., & Schroeder, J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.022 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Phone use during social interaction can reduce feelings of social connection [41,42 ,43,44], the perceived quality of the interaction [45,46], enjoyment gained from the interaction [47 ], and even frequency of smiling at others [48].”
Background
The effects of smartphones on well-being: theoretical integration and research agenda
Kushlev, K., & Leitao, M. R. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.05.001 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The social price of constant connectivity: smartphones impose subtle costs on well-being
Kushlev, K., Dwyer, R., & Dunn, E. W. (2019) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721419847200 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“To examine whether such distraction interferes with the benefits of face-to-face social interactions, we conducted a preregistered field experiment at a science museum in Vancouver (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019).”
BackgroundMethod
Personality Associations With Smartphone and Internet Use Disorder: A Comparison Study Including Links to Impulsivity and Social Anxiety
Peterka‐Bonetta, J., Sindermann, C., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Among strangers, smartphone usage has shown to undermine smiling behavior (10) and in families it might be detrimental to paying attention to one’s own children (11), negatively impact communication patterns at family meals (12) and the enjoyment of face to face interactions [(13); see also (14)].”
Background
Discussing digital technology overuse in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: On the importance of considering Affective Neuroscience Theory
Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100313 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Cognitive- and Emotion-Related Dysfunctional Coping Processes: Transdiagnostic Mechanisms Explaining Depression and Anxiety’s Relations with Problematic Smartphone Use
Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2019) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00260-4 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Modeling the Engagement-Disengagement Cycle of Compulsive Phone Use
Tran, J. A., Yang, K. S., Davis, K. S., & Hiniker, A. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300542 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“An experimental study manipulating parents’ smartphone use found that parents felt less connected to their children and more distracted if they checked their phones during a shared family activity [45].”
Background
Parental phubbing, problematic smartphone use, and adolescents' learning burnout: A cross-lagged panel analysis
Wang, X., Qiao, Y., & Wang, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.163 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Fighting over smartphones? Parents' excessive smartphone use, lack of control over children's use, and conflict
Matthes, J., Thomas, M. F., Stević, A., & Schmuck, D. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106618 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Digital Family Life: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Parental Smartphone Use on Parent-Child Interactions
Knitter, B., & Zemp, M. (2020) · Digital Psychology · doi:10.24989/dp.v1i1.1809 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The effects on parental attention quality were confirmed by a diary study (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019 (Study 2)), where parents reported that two thirds of parent-child interactions included a smartphone.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of information and communication technology on the quality of family relationships: A systematic review
Tammisalo, K., & Rotkirch, A. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221087942 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…positive effects of co-use may indeed be causal: Two experimental studies found co-use to enhance parent – child interaction as an immediate outcome (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019, study 1; Skaug et al., 2018), and one longitudinal study reported co-use to improve family functioning 1 year later (Hodge et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Parental Phubbing and Children’s Social Withdrawal and Aggression: A Moderated Mediation Model of Parenting Behaviors and Parents’ Gender
Wang, X.-C., Qiao, Y., Li, W., & Lei, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211042807 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Parental Phubbing, Self-Esteem, and Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Mediational Analysis
Wang, X., & Qiao, Y. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01655-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Impacts of Parental Technoference on Parent–Child Relationships and Child Health and Developmental Outcomes: A Scoping Review
Komanchuk, J., Toews, A. J., Marshall, S., MacKay, L. J., Hayden, A., Cameron, J. L., Duffett‐Leger, L., & Letourneau, N. L. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0278 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Overall, 61 reports (4 articles included more than 1 study) were included; the inclusion criteria were met for study 1 and 2 in 3 reports 26–28 and study 1 in the fourth report.”
Does the Internet Bring People Closer Together or Further Apart? The Impact of Internet Usage on Interpersonal Communications
Li, C., Ning, G., Xia, Y., Guo, K., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12110425 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, other studies reveal that Internet usage may distract people’s attention [10,11,65,66,83], reduce their social skills [47,67,68,84,85], and may even increase negative emotions [10,11,53,73,86].”
Background
An investigation of perceived family phubbing expectancy violations and well-being among U.S. older adults
Kadylak, T. (2019) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157919872238 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Smartphone Addiction among Students and its Harmful Effects on Mental Health, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration towards Future Modulation of Anti-Addiction Therapies: A Comprehensive Survey based on SLR, Research Questions, and Network Visualization Techniques
Akhtar, F., Patel, P., Heyat, M. B. B., Yousaf, S., Baig, A. A., Mohona, R. A., Mutoffar, M. M., Bhattacharya, T., Teelhawod, B. N., Li, J., et al. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220614121439 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Distinguishing Between Effectual, Ineffectual, and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Comprehensive Review and Conceptual Pathways Model for Future Research
Nawaz, S. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100424 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
How Can People Become Happier? A Systematic Review of Preregistered Experiments
Folk, D. P., & Dunn, E. W. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022423-030818 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Observed Quality of Caregiver-Child Interactions With and Without a Mobile Screen Device
Ochoa, W., Reich, S. M., & Farkas, G. (2020) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.07.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioral intervention in dealing with Internet addiction among Arab teenagers in Israel
Agbaria, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00733-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Commentary: Technoference or parental phubbing? A call for greater conceptual and operational clarity of parental smartphone use around children
Frackowiak, M., Ochs, C., Wolfers, L. N., & Abeele, M. V. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13917 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The effects of maternal smartphone use on mother–child interaction
Lederer, Y., Artzi, H., & Borodkin, K. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13715 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Mobile Phone Use and Presence
Courtright, J. A., & Caplan, S. E. (2020) · Human Communication & Technology · doi:10.17161/hct.v1i2.13412 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Relationship of Parent-Child Technoference and Child Problematic Smartphone Use: The Roles of Parent-Child Relationship, Negative Parenting Styles, and Children’s Gender
Shao, T., Zhu, C., Lei, H., Jiang, Y., Wang, H., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s456411 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Your phone ruins our lunch: Attitudes, norms, and valuing the interaction predict phone use and phubbing in dyadic social interactions
Büttner, C. M., Gloster, A. T., & Greifeneder, R. (2021) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579211059914 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This happens because phubbing disengages a person from their partner by taking attention away from the other person, which results in feeling less connected, more distant, and less empathetic (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; Kushlev & Heintzelman, 2018; Misra et al., 2016).”
Background
Seeing light in the dark: Investigating the dark side of social media and user response strategies
Sands, S., Campbell, C., Ferraro, C., & Mavrommatis, A. (2019) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2019.10.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Anxiety and depression amongst youth as adverse effects of using social media : A Review
Prasad, S., Souabni, S. A., Anugwom, G., Aneni, K., Anand, A., Urhi, A., Obi-Azuike, C., Gibson, T., Khan, A., & Oladunjoye, A. F. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001066 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The UBC State Social Connection Scale: Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity
Lok, I., & Dunn, E. W. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221132090 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mindful parenting is positively associated with adolescents’ life satisfaction: The mediating role of adolescents’ coping self-efficacy
Liu, Z., Sun, X., Guo, Y., & Yang, S. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01363-w · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mindful Parenting and Parent Technology Use: Examining the Intersections and Outlining Future Research Directions
Lippold, M. A., McDaniel, B. T., & Jensen, T. M. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11020043 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…with children and adolescents suggests that adolescents feel more negatively toward interactions they have with their parent when their parent uses a phone, at times even perceiving the parent to be less warm and loving (Kushlev and Dunn 2019; Steiner-Adair and Barker 2013; Stockdale et al. 2018).”
Background
Associations between maternal technology use, perceptions of infant temperament, and indicators of mother-to-infant attachment quality
Gutierrez, S. A., & Ventura, A. K. (2021) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105305 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Parents also report that balancing their attention between their device and their child is difficult and that it leads them to feel like they extract less meaning from time spent with their children [22].”
Background
A healthy lifestyle is a social lifestyle: The vital link between social connection and health outcomes
Proctor, A. S., Barth, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2023) · Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1002/lim2.91 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lay beliefs about meaning in life: Examinations across targets, time, and countries
Heintzelman, S. J., Mohideen, F., Oishi, S., & King, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Directly-measured smartphone screen time predicts well-being and feelings of social connectedness
Anderl, C., Hofer, M. K., & Chen, F. S. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231158300 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Parent–Child Time Together: The Role of Interactive Technology With Adolescent and Young Adult Children
Vaterlaus, J. M., Beckert, T. E., & Schmitt‐Wilson, S. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19856644 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Associations among average parental educational attainment, maternal stress, and infant screen exposure at 6 months of age
Wiltshire, C. A., Troller‐Renfree, S. V., Giebler, M. A., & Noble, K. G. (2021) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101644 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Associations between Parent Attitudes and on- and off-Screen Behaviours of Preschool Children in Singapore
Chia, M., Komar, J., Chua, T. B. K., & Tay, L. Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811508 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Other scholars opine that an early adoption of digital media predisposes preschool children to physically inactive indoor lifestyles [11,12], displaces outdoor play [13], increases the risk of an earlier development of myopia [14], affects sleep duration and sleep quality [15], impairs self-regulation [16], and reduce…”
Background
Keep on scrolling? Using intensive longitudinal smartphone sensing data to assess how everyday smartphone usage behaviors are related to well-being
Deters, F. G., & Schoedel, R. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107977 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Maternal personality traits, antenatal depressive symptoms and the postpartum mother–infant relationship: a prospective observational study
Nath, S., Pearson, R. M., Moran, P., Pawlby, S. J., Molyneaux, E., & Howard, L. M. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01790-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Parental technoference and adolescents’ mental health and violent behaviour: a scoping review
Dixon, D., Sharp, C. A., Hughes, K., & Hughes, J. C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16850-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Further, observations suggest parents can demonstrate less sensitivity towards their children when digitally distracted, using harsher and angry parenting styles [12, 24, 25].”
Background
Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children
Lee, E. J., & Kim, H. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179182 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In this study, maternal mediation did not affect children’s PSU, which is inconsistent with previous study findings [17,36,37].”
Result
Development and validation of the Maternal Distraction Questionnaire
Ventura, A. K., Hupp, M., Gutierrez, S. A., & Almeida, R. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03276 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…all, previous studies suggest that parents are not effective at disengaging when using mobile devices or other forms of technology during mealtime (Kushlev and Dunn, 2018; Moser et al., 2016; Radesky et al., 2014, 2015), play (Kirkorian et al., 2009; Myruski et al., 2018; Pempek et al., 2014;…”
Background
Can interactive apps promote parent-child conversations?
Rowe, M. L., Turco, R. G., & Blatt, J. H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101326 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
How Virtual Personal Assistants Influence Children’s Communication
Bylieva, D. S., Bekiroğulları, Z., Lobatyuk, V. V., & Nam, T. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65857-1_12 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
”What color are the fish’s scales?” Exploring parents’ and children’s natural interactions with a child-friendly virtual agent during storybook reading
Lin, G. C., Schoenfeld, I., Thompson, M., Xia, Y., Uz-Bilgin, C., & Leech, K. A. (2022) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3501712.3529734 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The study echoes the findings from an experimental design study, where parents randomly assigned to use their phones as much as possible at a museum felt less connected to their children [22].”
Result
Food for Thought: Parent-Child Face-to-Face Communication and Mobile Phone Use in Eateries
Elias, N., Lemish, D., & Rovner-Lev, G. (2021) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2021.1953501 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…literature has linked parental technoference with a poorer quality of parent-child interaction and with a possible negative influence on children’s social, emotional, and cognitive functioning (Kildare & Middlemiss, 2017; Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; McDaniel & Radesky, 2017; Myruski et al., 2017).”
Background
The impact of parental phubbing on social withdrawal in preschool children: the serial mediating roles of parent–child conflict and negative emotions
Zhang, P., & Wang, X. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02363-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…phubbing occurs, the mobile phone distracts parents’ attention from their children, which leads to a decrease in positive parent–child interactions [46], and some parents may respond negatively, incorrectly, or even out-rightly ignore their children’s needs, which triggers young children’s…”
Validation of a modified problematic use of mobile phones scale to examine problematic smartphone use and dependence
Nawaz, S., Bhowmik, J., Linden, T., & Mitchell, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24832 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“I can multitask”: The mediating role of media consumption on executive function's relationship to technoference attitudes
Zurcher, J. D., King, J., Callister, M. A., Stockdale, L., & Coyne, S. M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106498 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of Parents’ Smartphone Use on Children’s Emotions, Behavior, and Subjective Well-Being
Selak, M. B., Merkaš, M., & Žulec, A. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15010008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Young Children’s Social Interactions with Parents during Digital Activities at Home
Konca, A. S., & Erden, F. T. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09800-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Smartphones within Psychological Science
Ellis, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671408 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Caregivers’ psychological distress, technology use, and parenting: The importance of a multidimensional perspective
Zhang, J., Madigan, S. L., & Browne, D. T. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107324 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cultural differences in perceiving co-present phone use as phubbing: Evidence from six countries
Büttner, C. M., Albath, E. A., & Greifeneder, R. (2025) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2024.2447275 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…in face-to-face social interactions depends on the subjective construal of the situation: For instance, while phubbing disconnects people (e.g., Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013), screen sharing where the phone is part of the conversation may not be perceived as exclusionary…”
Are Smartphones Enhancing or Displacing Face-to-Face Communication With Close Ties? A Panel Study Among Adults
Stević, A., Schmuck, D., Karsay, K., & Matthes, J. (2021) · International journal of communication · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Does parental smartphone use predict parents’ perceptions of family life? An examination of momentary associations between parental smartphone use, parental experiences of quality time, and parental perceptions of difficult child behavior
Denecker, F., Marez, L. D., Ponnet, K. S., & Abeele, M. V. (2022) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579221134168 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The impact of touchscreen digital exposure on children’s social development and communication: a systematic review
Misirli, A., Fotakopoulou, O., Δαρδανού, Μ., & Komis, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1613625 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Anchored Audio Sampling
Hiniker, A., Froehlich, J. E., Zhang, M., & Beneteau, E. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300238 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“A number of well-honed techniques allow researchers to collect data in the wild, including diary studies ( e.g. , [43, 62]), experience sampling ( e.g. , [45, 56]), and passive data logging ( e.g. , [54, 55]).”
Background
The power of Dionysus—Effects of red wine on consciousness in a naturalistic setting
Costa, R. M., Madeira, A., Barata, M., & Wittmann, M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256198 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A bird's-eye view of phubbing: How adult observations of phone use impact judgments, epistemic trust, and interpersonal trust
Pesch, A., Todaro, R. D., Piper, D. J., Evans, N. S., Josh Pasek, B., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh‐Pasek, K. (2024) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579241246726 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…& O ’ Donnell, 2019; Vanden Abeele et al., 2016) and negatively impacts interaction quality, producing feelings of social exclusion and lower conversational intimacy (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018; Dwyer et al., 2018; Kushlev & Dunn, 2018; McDaniel et al., 2018; Vanden Abeele et al., 2016).”
The four conceptualizations of social connection
Baek, E. C., Pourafshari, R., & Bayer, J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00455-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Validation of a revised parental phubbing scale for parents of young children in China
Li, J., Jiang, Y., Xiao, B., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., & Li, Y. (2024) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2023.2283693 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For example, Kushlev and Dunn (2019) indicated that parental phubbing as a risk factor would lead to negative parenting behaviours, such as less attention, companionship, responsiveness, and communication.”
Background
Heavy Users, Mobile Gamers, and Social Networkers: Patterns of Objective Smartphone Use in Parents of Infants and Associations With Parent Depression, Sleep, Parenting, and Problematic Phone Use
McDaniel, B. T., Radesky, J. S., Pater, J. A., Galovan, A. M., Harrison, A., Cornet, V. P., Reining, L. E., Schaller, A., & Drouin, M. A. (2024) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2024/3601969 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Latent classes of smartphone dependency trajectories and predictors of classes among middle school students in South Korea
Kim, E., Jo, J., & Song, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2023.08.013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smartphones undermine social connectedness more in men than women: A mini mega-analysis.
Leitao, M., Proulx, J. D. E., & Kushlev, K. (2024) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000125 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Parental Phubbing and Preschoolers’ Behavioral Problems: The Mediation Role of Mindful Attention Awareness
Puligheddu, A., Porru, A., Spanò, A., Cataudella, S., Mascia, M. L., Rollo, D., Cabras, C., Penna, M. P., & Lucangeli, D. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12081022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Studies increasingly examine how parental phubbing undermines emotional connections between parents and children, leading to reduced parental sensitivity, responsiveness [10] and feelings of closeness [11].”
Perception of Purposeful and Recreational Smartphone Use in Physiotherapy: Randomized Controlled Trial
Bientzle, M., Restle, A., & Kimmerle, J. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/25717 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Parent and Child Screen Use and the Effects of Phubbing
Błachnio, A. (2024) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114227 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Chain Mediating Effects of Parent–Child Conflict and Screen Time on the Relationship Between Parental Phubbing and Problem Behaviors in Preschoolers
Gu, Q., & Zhao, M. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020203 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Deterioration in interpersonal dynamics precipitates child discontentment and subsequent relational conflicts (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019).”
Smartphones and parent-child conversations during young children's informal science learning at an aquarium
Kelly, K. R., Maloles, C., George, N., Neves, S., Hsieh, B., & Ocular, G. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100296 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Can mothers avoid guilt about their smartphone usage behavior? Effects of the availability norm and goal conflict on guilt, recovery, and accomplishment experiences
Halfmann, A., Wolfers, L. N., & Meeus, A. (2024) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579241252098 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Within the family context, this means that smartphones are often used while parenting (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; Radesky et al., 2014), which has given rise to both public and scholarly concerns about the impact of these behaviors on children (Wolfers et al., 2020).”
Maintaining Quality Family Time for Children’s Social Intelligence: Public Educators’ Beliefs and Practices in the Pandemic Age
Huda, M., & Salem, S. A. M. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1537-466120220000030004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Greater mobile device-prompted phone pickups are associated with daily parent stress
Munzer, T. G., Miller, A. L., Weeks, H. M., Kaciroti, N., & Radesky, J. (2024) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.17260 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Daily smartphone use predicts parent depressive symptoms, but parents' perceptions of responsiveness to their child moderate this effect
McDaniel, B. T., Uva, S., Pater, J. A., Cornet, V. P., Drouin, M. A., & Radesky, J. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2024.1421717 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Drivers of parent phone use around young children include connecting with others, fulfilling parenting needs, getting a break from caregiving duties, and relieving stress (Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; McDaniel, 2019; Radesky et al., 2016; Torres et al, 2021; Wolfers, 2021).”
The Effects of Smartphones on Well-Being: Theoretical Integration and Research AgendaPreprint
Kushlev, K., & Leitao, M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fs6zq · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Indeed, across a variety of social situations—from spending time with one’s children [29] to sharing a”
Background
Karanlık Sosyal Medya ve Sosyal Medyanın Karanlık Yüzü: Kavramlar, Araştırmalar ve Stratejiler
Erdoğan, İ. (2022) · Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.17829/turcom.1048522 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of general, socially-intended, and shared parental phone use: exploring the sequential mediation by distraction and relationship quality on adolescent loneliness
Nie, J., Ni, X., & Lei, L. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06817-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with existing research on the impacts of parental phubbing or technoference on adolescents (e.g., Dong et al., 2023 ; Geng et al., 2021; Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; McDaniel, 2019; McDaniel & Radesky, 2018; Nie et al., 2024 ; Wang et al., 2022 ).”
Relationship between parents’ problematic internet use levels and child abuse potential
Ünverdi, S., & Karabudak, S. S. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.108060 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Posicionamiento de los medios de comunicación tradicionales respecto al uso educativo de los móviles en educación secundaria
Mateu-Luján, B., Gràcia, X. G., García, M. B., & Labra, J. A. P. (2023) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.33158 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A családi minta fontossága – szülő és gyermek médiahasználata a COVID-19 idején
Prievara, D. K., & Nádudvari, G. (2023) · Iskolakultúra · doi:10.14232/iskkult.2023.1-2.93 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effects of Mobile Device Use and Presence on Perceptions of a Conversation Partner
Caplan, S. E., & Courtright, J. A. (2023) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2023.2202798 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Parents also feel less connected and more distracted when using devices while spending time with their children (Kushlev & Dunn, 2018).”
Background
The UBC State Social Connection Scale: Factor Structure, Reliability, and ValidityPreprint
Lok, I., & Dunn, E. W. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5jesn · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tiny Screens, Big Impact: Effects of Maternal Smartphone Use on Maternal and Infants' Physiological and Behavioral Stress and Interaction Dynamics
Dinzinger, A., Greif, E., Speyer, L. G., Wittling, R. A., Brisch, K. H., Priewasser, B., & Marková, G. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In addition to compromising the quality of parental attention and sensitivity of responses, parents report reduced feelings of social connectedness with their children (Kushlev and Dunn 2019).”
The impact of advanced technology and social media platforms on lifestyle medicine: a narrative review
AlNamlah, L. A., Konswa, A. A., Alakeel, R. A., & Taieb, H. A. E. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01479-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Phone presence and relationship quality: Examining the role of emotion accuracy and bias
Heyman, J. L., & Human, L. J. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241227591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Phone presence has indeed been associated with more negative experiences due to reduced attention quality (Dwyer et al., 2018; Kushlev & Dunn, 2019; Kushlev et al., 2019) or cognitive capacity (Kushlev & Leitao, 2020; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2013).”
Background
Socialized co-present phone use and parent-child relationship satisfaction: A dyadic investigation with the indirect roles of self-disclosure and responsiveness
Nie, J., Ni, X., & Lei, L. (2024) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2024.101679 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Phubbing: Modelo Bifactor e Invarianza factorial en universitarios peruanos.
Correa-Rojas, J., Muchotrigo, M. P. G., & Moyano, E. N. C. (2022) · African journal of rhetoric · doi:10.21134/haaj.v22i2.691 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Did smartphones enhance or diminish well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Heyman, J. L., & Kushlev, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1094196 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Similarly, smartphone interference has been shown to be related to lower levels of well-being (David et al., 2015; Kushlev et al., 2016; Roberts and David, 2016; Kushlev and Dunn, 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Navigating Maternal Technoference: A Qualitative Study on the Ramifications of Social Media Impediments on Mother-Child Attachment
Saeed, M., & Ali, R. (2025) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807241312200 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Addressing the impact of smartphone use on children’s health: a comprehensive analysis of physical, psychological, social, and behavioral effects
Obeidat, M. S., & AL-Shalabi, F. H. (2025) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2025.2506425 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Research suggests that access to the internet can bring about shifts in the social landscape, creating distance between parents and children, and leading children to emulate their parents by devoting time to mobile phones (Kushlev and Dunn 2019).”
Longitudinal Association Between Parental Technoference and Adolescent Academic Burnout: Anxiety and Sex Matter
Chang, L., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23579 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This disruption of expectations not only affects emotional well ‐ being but can also trigger anxiety in adolescents, which has been highlighted in previous research (Kushlev and Dunn 2019; Miller ‐ Ott and Kelly 2015).”
Relationships Among Parental Phubbing and Children's Emotion Regulation Skills and Psychosocial Behavioral Symptoms
Alemdar, D. K., & Çatıker, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20250821-02 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sociomaterial Analysis of Azerbaijani Children’s Smartphone Use: Generational Ordering Through User-Technology Interactions
Sultan, A., Bühler‐Niederberger, D., & Nasrullayeva, N. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-283-920231014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parents’ Views on Mobile Phone Use
Abels, M., Augustson, A., & Klepaker, P. T. (2024) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.33.1.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, others feel that they are less connected or inattentive to their children when they are also using their phones (Hiniker et al., 2015; Kushlev & Dunn, 2019).”
Background
Adult family members’ roles in mediating children’s visits at a Chinese science museum
Ji, J., Anderson, D. P., & Rodewald, P. (2025) · Museum Management and Curatorship · doi:10.1080/09647775.2025.2467705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Kushlev and Dunn (2018) observed that frequent smartphone use by parents led to social disconnection, impacting family interactions.”
Influential

Authors: Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Kushlev, Kostadin
ORCID: Kushlev, Kostadin
Dunn, Elizabeth W.
Venue: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2018-04-10
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Pages: 1619-1639
ISSN: 0265-4075 (ISSN-L)
1460-3608
DOI: 10.1177/0265407518769387
OpenAlex: W2796972396
Cited by: 162
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 47.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (H08–02739)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords: smartphone use, parental distraction, parent-child relationship, social connectedness, face-to-face interaction, social media use, science museums

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Smartphones distract parents from cultivating feelings of connection when spending time with their children

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks