A Miniaturized Nafion-Based Glucose Sensor: in vitro and in vivo evaluation in dogs
Abstract
We have developed an implantable glucose sensor based on a new tri-layer membrane configuration. The needle-type sensor integrates a Pt working electrode and a Ag/AgCI reference electrode. Its size is equivalent to a 25 gauge needle (0.5 mm in diamater). Poly (o-phenylenediamine) was used as an inner coating to reduce interference by small compounds present in the body fluids, and the perfluorinated ionomer, Nation as a biocompatible, protective, outer coating. Glucose oxidase trapped in an albumin/glutaraldehyde matrix was sandwiched between these coatings. In vitro tests in buffer showed the sensors had a good selectively, a sensitivity of about 25 nA/mM, and a 90% response time of 33 s. Stabilization of the current following polarization required 10 to 30 min in vitro and 30 to 40 in vivo. Although these sensors remained stable for many weeks in saline solution, their implantation in animals resulted in the degradation of the protective Nation outer coating, which in turn, led to the failure of the incorporated reference electrode. We demonstrated that if unprotected, the AgCI layer of the reference electrode rapidly dissolves in the biological environment. However, we later showed that in vivo degradation of Nation can be prevented by heat curing. When heat cured sensors were subcutaneously implanted in dogs, the sensors' signal closely followed the plasma glucose level during glucose tolerance tests. The response of the sensors implanted in dogs was retained for 10 days.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nafion-coated CGM probes implanted in canines were functional for up to 10 days, but the membranes were unstable, with significant cracking and eventual failure.
“Moussy et al. implanted Nafion-coated CGM probes into canines that proved functional for up 10 days, but ultimately the membranes were deemed unstable with significant cracking and eventual failure.122”
From Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (2013) · cites this paper as [122]
Cites
Malitesta, C., Palmisano, F., Torsi, L., & Zambonin, P. G. (1990) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00223a016 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Design and in vitro studies of a needle-type glucose sensor for subcutaneous monitoring
Bindra, D. S., Zhang, Y., Wilson, G. S., Sternberg, R., Thevenot, D. R., Moatti, D., & Reach, G. (1991) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00017a008 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Clinical Control of Diabetes by the Artificial Pancreas
Albisser, A. M., LEIBEL, B. S., Ewart, T. G., Davidovac, Z., Botz, C. K., Zingg, W., Schipper, H., & Gander, R. (1974) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.23.5.397 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Harrison, D. J., Turner, R. F. B., & Baltes, H. P. (1988) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00170a003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationMoussy, F. G., Harrison, D. J., O'Brien, D. W., & Rajotte, R. V. (1993) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00063a023 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationMoatti-Sirat, D., Capron, F., Poitout, V., Reach, G., Bindra, D. S., Zhang, Y., Wilson, G. S., & Th�venot, D. R. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400921 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Permeability of glucose and other neutral species through recast perfluorosulfonated ionomer films
Fan, Z. H., & Harrison, D. J. (1992) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac00035a019 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationFischer, U., Ertle, R., Abel, P., Rebrin, K., Brunstein, E., von Dorsche, H. H., & Freyse, E. (1987) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00295878 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Poitout, V., Moatti-Sirat, D., Reach, G., Zhang, Y., Wilson, G. S., Lemonnier, F., & Klein, J. C. (1993) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00404077 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Tissue response to potential neuroprosthetic materials implanted subdurally
Yuen, T. G. H., Agnew, W. F., & Bullara, L. A. (1987) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(87)90103-7 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Turner, R. F. B., Harrison, D. J., & Rojotte, R. V. (1991) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(91)90003-s · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationA biocompatible enzyme electrode for continuous in vivo glucose monitoring in whole blood
Turner, R. F. B., Harrison, D. J., Rajotte, R. V., et al. (1990) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/0925-4005(90)80273-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of electrode dissolution products on the high-voltage electron microscope
Tivol, W. F., Agnew, W. F., Alvarez, R. B., & Yuen, T. G. H. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(87)90075-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Electroconductive hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications
Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Methods for reducing biosensor membrane biofouling
Wisniewski, N., & Reichert, M. (2000) · Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/s0927-7765(99)00148-4 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Biocompatible Materials for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices
Nichols, S. P., Koh, A., Storm, W. L., Shin, J. H., & Schoenfisch, M. H. (2013) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr300387j · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Implanted Electrochemical Glucose Sensors for the Management of Diabetes
Heller, A. (1999) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.153 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
A new amperometric glucose microsensor: in vitro and short-term in vivo evaluation
Ward, W. K., Jansen, L. B., Anderson, E., Reach, G., Klein, J.-C., & Wilson, G. S. (2002) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00268-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
In vitro and in vivo mineralization of Nafion membrane used for implantable glucose sensors
Mercado, R. C., & Moussy, F. (1998) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00112-7 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationNitric Oxide-Releasing Sol−Gel Particle/Polyurethane Glucose Biosensors
Shin, J. H., Marxer, S. M., & Schoenfisch, M. H. (2004) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac049776z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ju, Y. M., Yu, B., West, L., Moussy, Y., & Moussy, F. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32400 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulations of the Frequency Response of Implantable Glucose Sensors
Jablecki, M., & Gough, D. A. (2000) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac991018z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Moussy, F., Harrison, D. J., & Rajotte, R. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- ORCID
- Harrison, D.J.
- Venue
- The International Journal of Artificial Organs
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1994-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 88-94
- ISSN
- 0391-3988 (ISSN-L)
- 1724-6040
- OpenAlex
- W100441310
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Journal of Artificial Organs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- implantable glucose sensor, Nafion coating, perfluorinated ionomers, poly(o-phenylenediamine), glucose oxidase, Ag/AgCl reference electrode, platinum working electrode, sensor degradation, thermal curing, subcutaneous implantation, glucose tolerance test, dogs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Blood Glucose, Dogs, Electrodes, Implanted, Fluorocarbon Polymers, Glucose Tolerance Test, Microelectrodes, Monitoring, Physiologic, Biosensing Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
