A “Melanopic” Spectral Efficiency Function Predicts the Sensitivity of Melanopsin Photoreceptors to Polychromatic Lights
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Photoreception in the mammalian retina is not restricted to rods and cones but extends to a small number of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells expressing the photopigment melanopsin. These mRGCs are especially important contributors to circadian entrainment, the pupil light reflex, and other so-called nonimage-forming (NIF) responses. The spectral sensitivity of melanopsin phototransduction has been addressed in several species by comparing responses to a range of monochromatic stimuli. The resultant action spectra match the predicted profile of an opsin:vitamin A–based photopigment (nomogram) with a peak sensitivity (λ max ) around 480 nm. It would be most useful to be able to use this spectral sensitivity function to predict melanopsin’s sensitivity to broad-spectrum, including “white,” lights. However, evidence that melanopsin is a bistable pigment with an intrinsic light-dependent bleach recovery mechanism raises the possibility of a more complex relationship between spectral quality and photoreceptor response. Here, we set out to empirically determine whether simply weighting optical power at each wavelength according to the 480-nm nomogram and integrating across the spectrum could predict melanopsin sensitivity to a variety of polychromatic stimuli. We show that pupillomotor and circadian responses of mice relying solely on melanopsin for their photosensitivity ( rd/rd cl) can indeed be accurately predicted using this methodology. Our data therefore suggest that the 480-nm nomogram may be employed as the basis for a new photometric measure of light intensity (which we term “melanopic”) relevant for melanopsin photoreception. They further show that measuring light in these terms predicts the melanopsin response to light of divergent spectral composition much more reliably than other methods for quantifying irradiance or illuminance currently in widespread use.
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Melanopic lux is more physiologically relevant compared to photopic lux.
“Because melanopic lux is more physiologically relevant compared to photopic lux, future BLT trials are likely to utilise the melanopic measure.”
From Light therapy for bipolar disorders: Clinical recommendations from the international society for bipolar disorders (ISBD) Chronobiology and Chronotherapy Task Force (2025) · cites this paper as Enezi et al. 2011
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Self-citationDomain of metamers exciting intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and rods
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Light modulation of human sleep depends on a polymorphism in the clock gene Period3
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Suppression of vagal cardiac modulation by blue light in healthy subjects
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The Effects of Short-Term Light Adaptation on the Human Post-Illumination Pupil Response
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Photoreceptor contributions to the human pupil light reflex
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A revision of existing Karolinska Sleepiness Scale responses to light: A melanopic perspective
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Circadian and Light Effects on Human Sleepiness–Alertness
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Role of Architectural Design in Creating Circadian-Effective Interior Settings
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Self-citationExposure to blue light during lunch break: effects on autonomic arousal and behavioral alertness
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Τhe effect of artificial lighting on both biophilic and human-centric design
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Circadian entrainment and its role in depression: a mechanistic review
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A Wrist-Worn Internet of Things Sensor Node for Wearable Equivalent Daylight Illuminance Monitoring
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Biophilic school architecture in cold climates
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Melanopsin (Opn4) utilizes Gαi and Gβγ as major signal transducers
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Self-citationA practical metric for melanopic metrology
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The Effect of Refractive Error on Melanopsin-Driven Pupillary Responses
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A multi-objective optimization method for enclosed-space lighting design based on MOPSO
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The melanopsin-directed white noise electroretinogram (wnERG)
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- Authors
- Enezi, J. A., Revell, V., Brown, T., Wynne, J., Schlangen, L., & Lucas, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Signify (Netherlands) (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Lucas, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Rhythms
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07-19
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 314-323
- ISSN
- 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4531
- OpenAlex
- W2164918415
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, pupillary light reflex, circadian entrainment, polychromatic light, white light, photometry, photopigment bleaching
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Animals, Light, Mice, Inbred C3H, Rod Opsins, Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate, Mice
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