Image-based Abuse: Debate and Reflections on the “Iveco Case” in Spain on Twitter
Open accessAbstract
The instance of image-based abuse that ended in the victim’s suicide, known as the “Iveco case,” had an unprecedented social impact in Spain in 2019. This case provoked a great social reaction and became particularly viral on social networks such as Twitter. The present research investigates how this case has been dealt with through Twitter discourse. In particular, this study aimed to identify the main elements that could explain how people engaged with the problem of nonconsensual sharing of sexually explicit images in general, and with this case in particular. In total, 1,895 tweets with the word “Iveco” written in Spain were selected by streaming API, and their content was analyzed by lexical analysis using Iramuteq software (Reinert method). This software carries out an automatic lexical classification cluster analysis that groups the most significant words and text segments according to their co-occurrence. The results revealed that, on Twitter, it was stressed that the victim was a married woman with children who had practiced sexting. However, in response to this initial description, many voices also emerged that labelled this image-based abuse as gender-based online violence. Criticism was aimed at both the passivity of the company, and the attitude of hundreds of thousands of people who share the sexting video by WhatsApp groups without permission. Consequently, several feminist mobilizations emerged, framing this case within a sexist and patriarchal society and asking for accountability. However, in contrast, countermovements such as the #NotAllMen also emerged.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035618 · Cited by 3,266 · see citing works
Journal of Inter Personal Violence
Soglin, L. F., Bauchat, J., Soglin, D. F., Stroger, J. H., Hospital, J., County, C., & Martin, G. J. (2004) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626050502000112 · Cited by 1,917 · see citing works
#MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. M. (2018) · European Journal of Women s Studies · doi:10.1177/1350506818765318 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Understanding the Demographics of Twitter Users
Mislove, A. E., Lehmann, S., Ahn, Y., Onnela, J.-P. “., & Rosenquist, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v5i1.14168 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Reinert, M. (1990) · Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique · doi:10.1177/075910639002600103 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Social Media as Information Source: Recency of Updates and Credibility of Information
Westerman, D., Spence, P. R., & Van Der Heide, B. (2014) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12041 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Teen girls, sexual double standards and ‘sexting’: Gendered value in digital image exchange
Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/1464700113499853 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Cyberpsychology behavior and social networking
van Wersch, A., Eberhardt, J. E., & Stringer, F. (2013) · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Beyond ‘Revenge Porn’: The Continuum of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
McGlynn, C., Rackley, E., & Houghton, R. (2017) · Feminist Legal Studies · doi:10.1007/s10691-017-9343-2 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Bates, S. (2017) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085116654565 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking
Woodlock, D. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801216646277 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting?
Döring, N. M. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2014-1-9 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Understanding the Political Representativeness of Twitter Users
Barberá, P., & Rivero, G. (2014) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/0894439314558836 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Sexual Violence in a Digital Age
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017) · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58047-4 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
A Social Stage Model of Collective Coping: The Loma Prieta Earthquake and The Persian Gulf War
Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. (1993) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01184.x · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Xiong, Y., Cho, M., & Boatwright, B. (2018) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.014 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Sexting and the Definition Issue
Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J.-C., & Akre, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Beyond the ‘sext’: Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment against adult women
Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865814524218 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Parmelee, J. H., & Bichard, S. L. (2011) · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Dragiewicz, M., Burgess, J., Matamoros-Fernández, A., Salter, M., Suzor, N. P., Woodlock, D., & Harris, B. A. (2018) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Ausserhofer, J., & Maireder, A. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.756050 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Let's talk about sexting, baby: Computer-mediated sexual behaviors among young adults
Drouin, M., Vogel, K. N., Surbey, A., & Stills, J. R. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.030 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“Sexting” and adult romantic attachment
Weisskirch, R. S., & Delevi, R. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.008 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Domestic violence and information communication technologies
Dimond, J. P., Fiesler, C., & Bruckman, A. (2011) · Interacting with computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.006 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond <i>Megan's Story</i>
Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.665840 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Sexting: Young Women's and Men's Views on Its Nature and Origins
Walker, S., Sanci, L. A., & Temple-Smith, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.026 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues
(2024) · doi:10.32782/1544-0036 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Walker, K., & Sleath, E. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.010 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Hasinoff, A. A. (2015) · University of Illinois Press eBooks · doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.001.0001 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
How do we know if it works? Measuring outcomes in bystander-focused abuse prevention on campuses.
Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., Cares, A. C., & Warner, R. M. (2013) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0033470 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Prevalence and Association of Sexting and Online Sexual Victimization Among Spanish Adults
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Borrajo, E., & Calvete, E. (2015) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-015-0186-9 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Stang, S. M. (2020) · Critical Studies in Media Communication · doi:10.1080/15295036.2020.1807683 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology
(2018) · Ada A Journal of Gender New Media and Technology · doi:10.5399/uo/ada · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Ringrose, J., & Harvey, L. (2015) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304312.2015.1022952 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Technology-facilitated Domestic and Family Violence: Women’s Experiences
Douglas, H., Harris, B., & Dragiewicz, M. (2018) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azy068 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Reyns, B. W., Burek, M. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2011) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2011.641816 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Sext education: pedagogies of sex, gender and shame in the schoolyards ofTaggedandExposed
Dobson, A. S., & Ringrose, J. (2015) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2015.1050486 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“I can be your Tinder nightmare”: Harassment and misogyny in the online sexual marketplace
Thompson, L. Y. (2018) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353517720226 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Media and Communications in Australia
Griffen‐Foley, B., & Turnbull, S. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003280644 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Stubbs-Richardson, M., Rader, N. E., & Cosby, A. G. (2018) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353517715874 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Postfeminist education? Girls and the sexual politics of schooling
Duschinsky, R. (2012) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2012.712772 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Cole, K. K. (2015) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1008750 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Medrano, J. L. J., Lopez Rosales, F., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1304304 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sexting among Spanish adolescents: Prevalence and personality profiles
Gámez-Guadix, M., de Santisteban, P., & Resett, S. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.222 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Exploring Gender Differences: Socially Interactive Technology Use/Abuse Among Dating Teens
Lucero, J. L., Weisz, A. N., Smith-Darden, J., & Lucero, S. M. (2014) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109914522627 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Karaian, L. (2014) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480613504331 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Suzor, N. P., Dragiewicz, M., Harris, B., Gillett, R., Burgess, J., & Geelen, T. V. (2018) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.185 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Gender, Pressure, Coercion and Pleasure: Untangling Motivations for Sexting Between Young People
Lee, M., & Crofts, T. (2015) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azu075 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Gámez-Guadix, M., & Mateos-Pérez, E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
#HowIWillChange: Engaging men and boys in the #MeToo movement.
PettyJohn, M. E., Muzzey, F. K., Maas, M. K., & McCauley, H. L. (2018) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000186 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Thinking Sociologically About Image-Based Sexual Abuse
DeKeseredy, W. S., & Schwartz, M. D. (2016) · Sexualization Media & Society · doi:10.1177/2374623816684692 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Social Media Use among Adolescents: Benefits and Risks
Reid, D., & Weigle, P. E. (2014) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/221067660402140709115810 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Morelli, M., Bianchi, D., Baiocco, R., Pezzuti, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.047 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Breaking the Silence at Spanish Universities
Valls, R., Puigvert, L., Melgar, P., & Yeste, C. G. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801215627511 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Deliberating American Monetary Policy
Schonhardt-Bailey, C., & Bailey, A. J. (2013) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262019576.001.0001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Powell, A., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315622040-28 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Maddocks, S. (2018) · Australian Feminist Studies · doi:10.1080/08164649.2018.1542592 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Coping and Sexual Harassment: How Victims Cope across Multiple Settings
Scarduzio, J. A., Sheff, S. E., & Smith, M. (2017) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1065-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
‘Technology, hormones, and stupidity’: The affective politics of teenage sexting
Angelides, S. (2013) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460713487289 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prevalence, correlates and attitudes towards sexting among young people in Melbourne, Australia
Yeung, T., Horyniak, D., Vella, A. M., Hellard, M. E., & Lim, M. S. C. (2014) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh14032 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Galovan, A. M., Drouin, M., & McDaniel, B. T. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tweeting back while shouting back: Social media and feminist activism
Turley, E. L., & Fisher, J. (2018) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353517715875 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Gendered public support for criminalizing “revenge porn
Lageson, S. E., McElrath, S., & Palmer, K. E. (2019) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085118773398 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Messing, J., Bagwell-Gray, M., Brown, M. L., Kappas, A., & Durfee, A. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00114-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Online Sexual Solicitation of Minors
Schulz, A., Bergen, E., Schuhmann, P., Hoyer, J., & Santtila, P. O. (2015) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427815599426 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
‘If we stop, the world stops’: the 2018 feminist strike in Spain
Campillo, I. (2019) · Social Movement Studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2018.1556092 · Cited by 69 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…rise in recent years where, for example, two general feminist strikes have taken place and where the rape case of “La Manada” (gang rape recorded and disseminated in a WhatsApp group) had sensitized the public against all kinds of violence against women (Campillo, 2018; Idoiaga, et al., 2019).”
BackgroundThe Online Participation Divide
Hargittai, E., & Jennrich, K. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94925-0_13 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
GENDER, TWITTER AND NEWS CONTENT
Armstrong, C. L., & Gao, F. (2010) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2010.527548 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Twitter as a Feminist Resource: #YesAllWomen, Digital Platforms, and Discursive Social Change
Barker‐Plummer, B., & Barker-Plummer, D. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2050-206020170000014010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Nicholas, L., & Agius, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7_2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Feminism and Media in the Post-feminist Era
Press, A. L. (2011) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2011.537039 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sadowski, H. (2015) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1093090 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dragiewicz, M., & Burgess, J. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Women and the Law/Revue Femmes et Droit · doi:10.3138/cjwl.28.1.211 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Beckmeyer, J. J., Herbenick, D., Fu, T., Dodge, B., Reece, M., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1613463 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Communicating in 140 characters. How journalists in Spain use Twitter
Arrabal-Sánchez, G., & Moyano, M. D. A. (2015) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c46-2016-01 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sexual Victimization and Completed Suicide Among Danish Female Adults
Gradus, J. L., Qin, P., Lincoln, A. K., Miller, M., Lawler, E. V., Sørensen, H. T., & Lash, T. L. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212453141 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Do You Think I'm Sexty? Minors and Sexting: Teenage Fad or Child Pornography?
Barkacs, L. L., & Barkacs, C. B. (2010) · Journal of Legal Ethical and Regulatory Issues · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mapping the Political Twitterverse: Finding Connections Between Political Elites
Bode, L., Hanna, A., Sayre, B., Yang, J., & Shah, D. V. (2011) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sexualities : studies in culture and society
Plummer, K. J. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Medivac: The unneeded bill we sorely needed
Murphy, K. (2019) · Eureka street · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gámez‐Guadix, M., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Wachs, S., Wright, M., Martínez, J., & Íncera, D. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12064 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Mania, K. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221143772 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Why are you allowed to go to school on your own? Exploring children's voices on independent mobility
Fernández, I. L., Mondragón, N. I., Sáez, I. A., & Berasategi, N. (2022) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12559 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mondragón, N. I., Munitis, A. E., & Txertudi, M. B. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105412 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Morcillo, V., Ferrer-Ribot, M., Amengual, B., Bagur, S., & Ramón, M. R. R. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13091039 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Retos jurídicos derivados de la inteligencia articial generativa
Soler, E. S. (2023) · Indret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho · doi:10.31009/indret.2023.i2.11 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Miguel-Álvaro, A., Martínez‐Bacaicoa, J., Wachs, S., & Gámez‐Guadix, M. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01071-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bipolar disorder and regretted behavior in relation to use of social media and online dating
Rydahl, K. F. K., Brund, R. B. K., Medici, C. R., Straarup, K. M. N., Straszek, S. P. V., & Østergaard, S. D. (2022) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Pornografia de vingança”: Violência de gênero e impactos socioemocionais em mulheres vitimadas
Silva, L. L. D. S., Nascimento, F. E. D. M., Martins, M. E. A., Rocha, A. S., Vasconcelos, V. M., & Araújo, A. F. S. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Homocultura · doi:10.29327/2410051.6.20-15
- Authors
- Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Santamaria, M. D., Txertudi, M. B., & Saez, I. A.
- Affiliations
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, BI, Spain
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-10-27
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 9-10
- Pages
- NP7178-NP7201
- ISSN
- 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6518
- OpenAlex
- W3094016444
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- image-based sexual abuse, Twitter discourse, sexting, feminist activism, WhatsApp groups, corporate accountability, Spain
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Female, Humans, Sexual Behavior, Spain, Text Messaging, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
