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To What Extent and Under Which Circumstances Are Growth Mind-Sets Important to Academic Achievement? Two Meta-Analyses
Abstract
Mind-sets (aka implicit theories) are beliefs about the nature of human attributes (e.g., intelligence). The theory holds that individuals with growth mind-sets (beliefs that attributes are malleable with effort) enjoy many positive outcomes—including higher academic achievement—while their peers who have fixed mind-sets experience negative outcomes. Given this relationship, interventions designed to increase students’ growth mind-sets—thereby increasing their academic achievement—have been implemented in schools around the world. In our first meta-analysis ( k = 273, N = 365,915), we examined the strength of the relationship between mind-set and academic achievement and potential moderating factors. In our second meta-analysis ( k = 43, N = 57,155), we examined the effectiveness of mind-set interventions on academic achievement and potential moderating factors. Overall effects were weak for both meta-analyses. However, some results supported specific tenets of the theory, namely, that students with low socioeconomic status or who are academically at risk might benefit from mind-set interventions.
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In Sisk et al. (2018), among studies that reported manipulation checks, the effect on academic achievement was significant for studies where manipulation checks failed but non-significant for studies where manipulation checks succeeded.
“among the studies that reported manipulation checks, the meta-analytic effect on academic achievement was significant for studies where the manipulation checks failed but non-significant for studies where the manipulation checks succeeded.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
The relationship between students' mindsets and academic achievement appears to be, at most, weak, and not always in the hypothesized direction.
“Overall, the relationship between students' mindsets and academic achievement appears to be, at most, weak, and not always in the hypothesized direction.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
In Sisk et al. (2018), the effect on academic achievement was significant for studies that did not report manipulation checks but nonsignificant for studies that did report manipulation checks.
“The effect on academic achievement was significant for studies that did not report manipulation checks but nonsignificant for studies that did report manipulation checks.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
Sisk et al. (2018) meta-analysis of 38 independent samples (N = 57,155) found a small overall standardized mean difference favoring growth mindset interventions (d = 0.08, 95% CI [0.02, 0.14]).
“Overall, Sisk and colleagues (2018) found a small meta-analytic standardized mean difference between intervention and control groups' academic achievement, favoring the interventions: 𝑑 ̅ = 0.08, 95% CI [0.02, 0.14].”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
Sisk et al. (2018) found that about one-third of growth mindset intervention studies did not report whether the intervention influenced students' mindsets; of those that did, around half failed to demonstrate the intervention changed students' mindsets as intended.
“Sisk et al. (2018) found that about 1 /3 of growth mindset intervention studies did not report whether the growth mindset intervention influenced students to have more of a growth mindset.Of those that did, around half failed to demonstrate the intervention changed students' mindsets as intended.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
These inclusion criteria are identical to Sisk et al.'s (2018) inclusion criteria, with two exceptions.
“These inclusion criteria are identical to Sisk et al.'s (2018) inclusion criteria, with two exceptions.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al.'s (2018)
Relative to Sisk et al. (2018), the present meta-analysis includes more than double the number of records and nearly double the total number of participants.
“Thus, relative to Sisk et al. (2018), the present meta-analysis includes more than double the number of records and nearly double the total number of participants.”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al. (2018)
Per-protocol analyses yielded ds = 0.03 and 0.01 for two academic achievement measures.
“Per-protocol analyses-analyses that only included the 239 schools that administered the treatment as intended-yielded ds = 0.03 and 0.01 for two academic achievement measures (see Sisk et al., 2018).”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al., 2018
The first meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions in 2018 elicited conflicting conclusions: Sisk et al. concluded effects were small and cautioned they may be due to extraneous factors; Dweck concluded the same effects were substantive and supported mindset theory.
“The first meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions in 2018 (which did not account for study quality) elicited conflicting conclusions: The meta-analysis authors (Sisk et al., 2018) concluded that effects of growth mindset interventions on academic achievement were small and cautioned they may be due to extraneous factors; Dweck (2018), the developer of mindset theory, concluded that the same”
From Do growth mindset interventions impact students’ academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices. (2023) · cites this paper as Sisk et al., 2018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Macnamara, Brooke N.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-03-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 549-571
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2789363920
- Semantic Scholar
- ee2e51b22572bb6f29021c8bbd12674137bcb6b2
- Cited by
- 1,159
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 24
- FWCI
- 16.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- implicit theories of intelligence, academic performance, socioeconomic status, at-risk students, moderators, intelligence beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Academic Success, Adolescent, Adult, Attitude, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Self Concept, Students, Young Adult
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